Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Parks Canada, Office of the Chief Ecosystem Scientist, Protected Areas Establishment, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
Nat Rev Genet. 2024 Mar;25(3):165-183. doi: 10.1038/s41576-023-00657-y. Epub 2023 Oct 20.
All life forms across the globe are experiencing drastic changes in environmental conditions as a result of global climate change. These environmental changes are happening rapidly, incur substantial socioeconomic costs, pose threats to biodiversity and diminish a species' potential to adapt to future environments. Understanding and monitoring how organisms respond to human-driven climate change is therefore a major priority for the conservation of biodiversity in a rapidly changing environment. Recent developments in genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies are enabling unprecedented insights into the evolutionary processes and molecular bases of adaptation. This Review summarizes methods that apply and integrate omics tools to experimentally investigate, monitor and predict how species and communities in the wild cope with global climate change, which is by genetically adapting to new environmental conditions, through range shifts or through phenotypic plasticity. We identify advantages and limitations of each method and discuss future research avenues that would improve our understanding of species' evolutionary responses to global climate change, highlighting the need for holistic, multi-omics approaches to ecosystem monitoring during global climate change.
由于全球气候变化，全球所有生命形式都在经历环境条件的剧烈变化。这些环境变化正在迅速发生，造成大量的社会经济成本，对生物多样性构成威胁，并降低了物种适应未来环境的潜力。因此，了解和监测生物对人类驱动的气候变化的反应是保护生物多样性在快速变化的环境中的主要优先事项。基因组学、转录组学和表观基因组学技术的最新发展使人们能够以前所未有的方式深入了解进化过程和适应的分子基础。这篇综述总结了应用和整合组学工具的方法，这些方法用于实验研究、监测和预测野生物种和群落如何应对全球气候变化，包括通过遗传适应新的环境条件、通过范围转移或通过表型可塑性。我们确定了每种方法的优缺点，并讨论了未来的研究途径，这将有助于我们了解物种对全球气候变化的进化反应，强调需要在全球气候变化期间采用整体的、多组学的方法来监测生态系统。
