School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, 221 Bouverie Street, Carlton, VIC, Australia.
Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of economics and Business (WU), Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria.
Ambio. 2024 Feb;53(2):242-256. doi: 10.1007/s13280-023-01944-y. Epub 2023 Oct 27.
Coal mining is known for its contributions to climate change, but its impacts on the environment and human lives near mine sites are less widely recognised. This study integrates remote sensing, GIS, stakeholder interviews and extensive review of provincial data and documents to identify patterns of infringement, risk and impact driven by coal mining expansion across East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Specifically, we map and analyse patterns of mining concessions, land clearing, water cover, human settlement, and safety risks, and link them with mining governance and regulatory infractions related to coal mining permits. We show that excessive, improper permit granting and insufficient monitoring and oversight have led to deforestation, widespread overlaps of concessions with settlements, extensive boundary and regulatory violations, lacking reclamation, and numerous deaths. As the world's largest thermal coal exporter, Indonesia's elevated coal infringements, risks, and impacts translate to supply chain, sustainability, and human rights concerns for global coal markets.
采煤业以其对气候变化的贡献而闻名，但人们对矿区附近的环境和人类生活所受的影响认识不足。本研究整合了遥感、GIS、利益相关者访谈以及对印度尼西亚东加里曼丹省数据和文件的广泛审查，以确定由采煤业扩张引起的侵权、风险和影响模式。具体来说，我们绘制和分析了采矿特许权、土地开垦、水覆盖、人类住区和安全风险的模式，并将其与与煤炭开采许可证相关的采矿治理和监管违规联系起来。我们表明，过度、不当的许可证发放以及缺乏监测和监督，导致了森林砍伐、特许权与住区的广泛重叠、广泛的边界和监管违规、缺乏复垦以及众多死亡事件。作为世界上最大的动力煤出口国，印度尼西亚大量的煤炭侵权、风险和影响对全球煤炭市场的供应链、可持续性和人权构成了挑战。
