Automatic Segmentation and Quantification of Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Lateral Lumbar Radiographs Based on Deep-Learning-Based Algorithms.

To investigate the performance of deep-learning-based algorithms for the automatic segmentation and quantification of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in lateral lumbar radiographs, we retrospectively collected 1359 consecutive lateral lumbar radiographs. The data were randomly divided into model development and hold-out test datasets. The model development dataset was used to develop U-shaped fully convolutional network (U-Net) models to segment the landmarks of vertebrae T12-L5, the aorta, and anterior and posterior aortic calcifications. The AAC lengths were calculated, resulting in an automatic Kauppila score output. The vertebral levels, AAC scores, and AAC severity were obtained from clinical reports and analyzed by an experienced expert (reference standard) and the model. Compared with the reference standard, the U-Net model demonstrated a good performance in predicting the total AAC score in the hold-out test dataset, with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 ( <0.001). The overall accuracy for the AAC severity was 0.77 for the model and 0.74 for the clinical report. Additionally, the Kendall coefficient of concordance of the total AAC score prediction was 0.89 between the model-predicted score and the reference standard, and 0.88 between the structured clinical report and the reference standard. In conclusion, the U-Net-based deep learning approach demonstrated a relatively high model performance in automatically segmenting and quantifying ACC.