Gaylarde Christine C, Ortega-Morales Benjamin Otto
Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 770 Van Vleet Oval, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
Center of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar s/n entre Juan de la Barrera y Calle 20, Col. Buenavista, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico.
Microorganisms. 2023 Sep 28;11(10):2438. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11102438.
Concrete is the most utilized construction material worldwide. In the marine environment, it is subject to chemical degradation through reactions with chloride (the most important ion), and sulfate and magnesium ions in seawater, and to biodeterioration resulting from biological (initially microbiological) activities, principally acid production. These two types of corrosions are reviewed and the failure of attempts to predict the degree of deterioration resulting from each is noted. Chemical (abiotic) corrosion is greatest in the splash zone of coastal constructions, while phenomenological evidence suggests that biodeterioration is greatest in tidal zones. There have been no comparative experiments to determine the rates and types of microbial biofilm formation in these zones. Both chemical and microbiological concrete deteriorations are complex and have not been successfully modeled. The interaction between abiotic corrosion and biofilm formation is considered. EPS can maintain surface hydration, potentially reducing abiotic corrosion. The early marine biofilm contains relatively specific bacterial colonizers, including cyanobacteria and proteobacteria; these change over time, producing a generic concrete biofilm, but the adhesion of microorganisms to concrete in the oceans has been little investigated. The colonization of artificial reefs is briefly discussed. Concrete appears to be a relatively prescriptive substrate, with modifications necessary to increase colonization for the required goal of increasing biological diversity.
混凝土是全球使用最广泛的建筑材料。在海洋环境中，它会通过与海水中的氯离子（最重要的离子）、硫酸根离子和镁离子发生反应而遭受化学降解，还会因生物（最初是微生物）活动，主要是产酸而发生生物劣化。本文对这两种腐蚀类型进行了综述，并指出了预测每种腐蚀导致的劣化程度的尝试均未成功。化学（非生物）腐蚀在沿海建筑的飞溅区最为严重，而现象学证据表明生物劣化在潮汐区最为严重。尚未进行比较实验来确定这些区域中微生物生物膜形成的速率和类型。化学和微生物导致的混凝土劣化都很复杂，尚未成功建立模型。本文考虑了非生物腐蚀与生物膜形成之间的相互作用。胞外聚合物（EPS）可以维持表面水化，可能会减少非生物腐蚀。早期的海洋生物膜包含相对特定的细菌定殖者，包括蓝细菌和变形菌；这些会随时间变化，形成一般的混凝土生物膜，但海洋中微生物与混凝土的粘附情况鲜少有人研究。本文简要讨论了人工鱼礁的定殖情况。混凝土似乎是一种相对规定性的基质，需要进行改良以增加定殖，从而实现增加生物多样性这一所需目标。
