Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Jul;202(7):3362-3376. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03923-6. Epub 2023 Oct 28.
The degradation of the environment due to numerous industrial practices has emerged as a major issue globally, particularly in a country like Bangladesh. The present study dispenses information about heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contamination in some frequently consumed vegetables, namely, ash pumpkin, potato, bitter gourd, buffalo spinach, snake gourd, and pointed gourd grown in an industrially prone location and their repercussion on consumers' health. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used as the major analytical tool to detect heavy metal concentrations. Mean concentration and the range of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in vegetables were detected (4.81 ± 2.79, 2.43-10.94), (497.57 ± 258.08, 181.24-886.67), (644.49 ± 298.40, 179.56-998.78), (38.88 ± 14.31, 18.88-60.12), (58.11 ± 12.58, 42.55-84.79), (137.24 ± 48.37, 71.99-208.98), (123.31 ± 63.62, 49.97-256.09), (8.09 ± 2.69, 4.29-14.94), and (4.16 ± 2.95, 1.22-9.98) mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. An extreme level of heavy metal contamination in vegetable samples was notified regarding the estimated metal pollution index (MPI) and Nemerow pollution index (P) value, which underpinned the health risk values. The estimated hazard index (HI) value stipulated high risk in all varieties of vegetables regardless of age group and cadmium (Cd) was found as the major contributor. Concerning the carcinogenic risk index (CR) for single elements, the value of Co, Ni, and Cr was approximated far above the USEPA threshold risk limit (CR>1E-04). Moreover, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all varieties of vegetables exceeded the safety threshold value for both the age group and children, in particular, were found most vulnerable. The outshot of the present study divulged associated health risks for the population group by the heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables.
由于众多工业实践，环境恶化已成为一个全球性的主要问题，特别是在孟加拉国这样的国家。本研究提供了一些经常食用的蔬菜（如灰南瓜、土豆、苦瓜、水牛菠菜、蛇瓜和棱角丝瓜）中重金属（Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd 和 Pb）污染的信息，以及它们对消费者健康的影响。质子诱导 X 射线发射（PIXE）技术被用作主要的分析工具来检测重金属浓度。检测到蔬菜中 Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd 和 Pb 的平均浓度和范围分别为（4.81 ± 2.79，2.43-10.94）、（497.57 ± 258.08，181.24-886.67）、（644.49 ± 298.40，179.56-998.78）、（38.88 ± 14.31，18.88-60.12）、（58.11 ± 12.58，42.55-84.79）、（137.24 ± 48.37，71.99-208.98）、（123.31 ± 63.62，49.97-256.09）、（8.09 ± 2.69，4.29-14.94）和（4.16 ± 2.95，1.22-9.98）mg/kg（干重基础）。根据估计的金属污染指数（MPI）和内梅罗污染指数（P）值，蔬菜样品中的重金属污染程度极高，这表明存在健康风险。估计的危害指数（HI）值表明，所有品种的蔬菜都存在高风险，而不论年龄组如何，并且发现镉（Cd）是主要贡献者。就单一元素的致癌风险指数（CR）而言，Co、Ni 和 Cr 的值接近远远高于美国环保署的阈值风险限制（CR>1E-04）。此外，所有品种蔬菜的总致癌风险（TCR）对于两个年龄组和儿童的安全阈值都超过了安全阈值，尤其是儿童最易受到影响。本研究的结果表明，通过食用蔬菜，重金属会对人群的健康造成相关风险。
