Khan Amir, Haris Mohammad, Hussain Touseef, Khan Abrar Ahmad, Laasli Salah-Eddine, Lahlali Rachid, Mokrini Fouad
Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India.
Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India.
Heliyon. 2023 Oct 28;9(11):e21653. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653. eCollection 2023 Nov.
Root-knot nematodes ( spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices ., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes ., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
根结线虫（Meloidogyne spp.）是专性定居内寄生线虫，在全球所有植物寄生线虫中被认为是严重危害作物的类群。它们通过寄生蛋白进行攻击，改变宿主细胞的生理和机制，以利于寄生并降低作物产量。目前，过度使用农药作为快速防治这种害虫的方法，对环境和人类都有害。考虑到这一点，迫切需要制定高效的生态友好型策略。生物防治作为一种生态友好型方法，被认为是在不干扰非目标微生物的情况下管理线虫的最佳途径。在生物防治中，真菌和细菌等活体生物是线虫的天敌，也是农药的最佳替代品。真菌，包括捕食线虫真菌，能够感知宿主信号并产生特殊的捕食装置，如收缩环和粘性瘤/环，以捕获并杀死线虫。而内寄生真菌则通过酶分泌和菌丝的孢子粘附来杀死线虫。细菌也可以通过产生抗生素化合物、竞争营养和根际环境、产生水解酶（如几丁质酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶）以及诱导宿主植物的系统抗性（ISR）来控制线虫。世界各地的科学家都在努力开发环境友好型方法，以维持农业生产并将线虫数量控制在阈值以下。无论未来开发出何种方法，重点都应放在重要方面，如在不干扰人类健康和环境的情况下管理线虫的绿色方法。
