Tapia-Vázquez Irán, Montoya-Martínez Amelia C, De Los Santos-Villalobos Sergio, Ek-Ramos María J, Montesinos-Matías Roberto, Martínez-Anaya Claudia
Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Centro, 85000, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Jan 6;38(2):26. doi: 10.1007/s11274-021-03211-2.
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are sedentary parasites of the roots of plants and are considered some of the most damaging pests in agriculture. Since RKN target the root vascular system, they provoke host nutrient deprivation and defective water transport, causing above-ground symptoms of growth stunting, wilting, chlorosis, and reduced crop yields. In Mexico RKN infestations are primarily dealt with by treating with synthetic chemically based nematicides that are preferred by farmers over available bioproducts. However, due to environmental and human health concerns chemical control is increasingly restricted. Biological control of RKNs can help reduce the use of chemical nematicides as it is achieved with antagonistic organisms, mainly bacteria, fungi, other nematodes, or consortia of diverse microorganisms, which control nematodes directly by predation and parasitism at different stages: eggs, juveniles, or adults; or indirectly by the action of toxic diffusible inhibitory metabolites. The need to increase agricultural production and reduce negative environmental impact creates an opportunity for optimizing biological control agents to suppress nematode populations, but this endeavour remains challenging as researchers around the world try to understand diverse control mechanisms, nematode and microbe life cycles, ecology, metabolite production, predatory behaviours, molecular and biochemical interactions, in order to generate attractive products with the approval of local regulatory bodies. Here, we provide a brief review of the biology of the genus Meloidogyne, biological control strategies, and a comparison between chemical and bioproducts in the Mexican market, and guidelines emitted by national agencies to ensure safety and effectiveness of new developments.
根结线虫是植物根部的定居性寄生虫，被认为是农业中最具破坏性的害虫之一。由于根结线虫以根维管系统为目标，它们会导致宿主营养缺乏和水分运输缺陷，从而引起地上部分生长发育迟缓、枯萎、黄化以及作物产量下降等症状。在墨西哥，根结线虫的侵扰主要通过使用合成化学杀线虫剂来处理，农民更喜欢这些杀线虫剂而不是现有的生物制品。然而，出于对环境和人类健康的担忧，化学防治受到越来越多的限制。根结线虫的生物防治有助于减少化学杀线虫剂的使用，因为它是通过拮抗生物来实现的，主要包括细菌、真菌、其他线虫或不同微生物的联合体，这些生物通过在不同阶段（卵、幼虫或成虫）的捕食和寄生直接控制线虫；或者通过有毒可扩散抑制性代谢产物的作用间接控制线虫。增加农业产量和减少负面环境影响的需求为优化生物防治剂以抑制线虫种群创造了机会，但这一努力仍然具有挑战性，因为世界各地的研究人员试图了解各种控制机制、线虫和微生物的生命周期、生态学、代谢产物产生、捕食行为、分子和生化相互作用，以便在当地监管机构批准的情况下生产出有吸引力的产品。在此，我们简要回顾了根结线虫属的生物学、生物防治策略，比较了墨西哥市场上化学产品和生物制品，以及国家机构发布的确保新开发产品安全有效的指导方针。
