Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
College of Pharmacy, University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA.
Molecules. 2023 Nov 18;28(22):7659. doi: 10.3390/molecules28227659.
Chitosan has received much attention for its role in designing and developing novel derivatives as well as its applications across a broad spectrum of biological and physiological activities, owing to its desirable characteristics such as being biodegradable, being a biopolymer, and its overall eco-friendliness. The main objective of this review is to explore the recent chemical modifications of chitosan that have been achieved through various synthetic methods. These chitosan derivatives are categorized based on their synthetic pathways or the presence of common functional groups, which include alkylated, acylated, Schiff base, quaternary ammonia, guanidine, and heterocyclic rings. We have also described the recent applications of chitosan and its derivatives, along with nanomaterials, their mechanisms, and prospective challenges, especially in areas such as antimicrobial activities, targeted drug delivery for various diseases, and plant agricultural domains. The accumulation of these recent findings has the potential to offer insight not only into innovative approaches for the preparation of chitosan derivatives but also into their diverse applications. These insights may spark novel ideas for drug development or drug carriers, particularly in the antimicrobial, medicinal, and plant agricultural fields.
壳聚糖因其在设计和开发新型衍生物中的作用以及在广泛的生物和生理活性中的应用而受到广泛关注，这要归功于其理想的特性，如可生物降解、生物聚合物和整体生态友好性。本综述的主要目的是探讨通过各种合成方法实现的壳聚糖的最新化学修饰。这些壳聚糖衍生物根据其合成途径或常见官能团的存在进行分类，包括烷基化、酰化、席夫碱、季铵盐、胍和杂环。我们还描述了壳聚糖及其衍生物的最新应用，以及纳米材料、它们的机制和预期的挑战，特别是在抗菌活性、针对各种疾病的靶向药物输送和植物农业领域。这些最新发现的积累不仅有可能为壳聚糖衍生物的制备提供创新方法的见解，而且还有可能为其多样化的应用提供见解。这些见解可能为药物开发或药物载体提供新的思路，特别是在抗菌、医药和植物农业领域。
