Bacterial worth in genotoxicity assessment studies.

Bacterial-based genotoxicity test systems play a significant role in the detection and evaluation of genotoxicity in vitro and have gained importance due to attributes like wide applicability, speed, high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and simplicity. The Salmonella microsomal mutagenicity assay was created by Ames and colleagues at the beginning of the 1970s, and it was based on the fundamental notion that in auxotrophic bacterial strains with inhibited growth, a mutant gene would revert to its original state on exposure to genotoxicants. This is the most successful and widely used in vitro genotoxicity test. Later, a number of additional test systems that incorporated DNA repair mechanisms including the bacterial SOS response were created. Genetic engineering has further provided significant advancement in these test systems with the development of highly sophisticated bacterial tester strains with significantly increased sensitivity to evaluate the chemical nature of hazardous substances and pollutants. These bacterial bioassays render an opportunity to detect the defined effects of compounds at the molecular level. In this review, all the aspects related to the bacterial system in genotoxicity assessment have been summarized and their role is elaborated concerning real-time requirements and future perspectives.