Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Feb 20;912:169343. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169343. Epub 2023 Dec 12.
Organochlorine insecticide (OCI) exposures in terrestrial food chains from historical or current applications were studied in a vegetable production area in northwest Bangladesh. A total of 57 subsoil, 57 topsoil, and 57 vegetable samples, as well as 30 cow's milk samples, were collected from 57 farms. Multiple OCI residues were detected using GC-MS/MS with modified QuEChERS in 20 % of subsoils, 21 % of topsoils, 23 % of vegetables, and 7 % of cow's milk samples. Diversified OCI residues were detected in subsoils (17 residues with a concentration of 179.15 ± 148.61 μg kg) rather than in topsoils (3 DDT residues with a concentration of 25.76 ± 20.19 μg kg). Isomeric ratios indicate intensive historical applications of OCIs. According to Dutch and Chinese standards, the lower concentrations of individual OCI residues in the soil indicate negligible to slight soil pollution, assuming local farmers follow local pesticide use regulations. However, a maximum of 78.24 μg kg ΣAldrines and 35.57 μg kg ΣHCHs were detected (1-4 residues) in 60 % of brinjal, 28 % of cucumber, 29 % of sponge gourd, and 20 % of lady's finger samples, which could be a result of either historical or current OCI applications, or both. A strong positive correlation between aldrines in subsoils and cucurbit vegetables indicates greater bioaccumulation. Cow milk samples contained up to 6.96 μg kg ΣDDTs, which resulted either from rationing contaminated vegetables or grazing on contaminated land. Individual OCI in both vegetables and cow's milk was below the respective maximum residue limits of US and FAO/WHO CODEX and poses little or no risk to human health. However, combined exposure to multiple pesticides could increase human health risks. A cumulative health risk assessment of multiple pesticide residues is suggested to assess the suitability of those soils for cultivation and grazing, as well as the safety of vegetables and cow's milk for human consumption.
本研究在孟加拉国西北部的一个蔬菜种植区调查了历史上或当前应用于陆地食物链的有机氯杀虫剂 (OCI) 暴露情况。从 57 个农场采集了 57 个底土、57 个表土和 57 个蔬菜样本以及 30 份牛奶样本。使用 GC-MS/MS 结合改良的 QuEChERS 在 20%的底土、21%的表土、23%的蔬菜和 7%的牛奶样本中检测到多种 OCI 残留。在底土中检测到多种 OCI 残留（17 种残留，浓度为 179.15±148.61μg/kg），而在表土中仅检测到 3 种滴滴涕残留（浓度为 25.76±20.19μg/kg）。同系物比值表明，有机氯农药曾被大量使用。根据荷兰和中国的标准，土壤中个别 OCI 残留的较低浓度表明土壤污染可忽略不计或轻微，前提是当地农民遵守当地农药使用规定。然而，在 60%的茄子、28%的黄瓜、29%的丝瓜和 20%的佛手瓜样本中检测到最高 78.24μg/kg ΣAldrines 和 35.57μg/kg ΣHCHs（1-4 种残留），这可能是历史上或当前 OCI 应用的结果，或者是两者共同作用的结果。底土中 aldrines 与葫芦科蔬菜之间存在强烈的正相关关系，表明生物累积性更强。牛奶样本中含有高达 6.96μg/kg ΣDDTs，这可能是由于食用了受污染的蔬菜或牛在受污染的土地上放牧所致。蔬菜和牛奶中的个别 OCI 均低于美国和粮农组织/世卫组织食品法典委员会的最大残留限量，对人体健康造成的风险很小或没有。然而，同时接触多种农药可能会增加人体健康风险。建议对多种农药残留进行累积健康风险评估，以评估这些土壤用于种植和放牧的适宜性，以及蔬菜和牛奶供人类食用的安全性。
