Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão Do Leão, Brazil.
Laboratory of Crop Physiology (LCroP), Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Planta. 2023 Dec 18;259(1):24. doi: 10.1007/s00425-023-04275-0.
Saline and wet environments stress most plants, reducing growth and yield. Halophytes adapt with ion regulation, energy maintenance, and antioxidants. Understanding these mechanisms aids in breeding resilient crops for climate change. Waterlogging and salinity are two abiotic stresses that have a major negative impact on crop growth and yield. These conditions cause osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stress, as well as energy deprivation, thus impairing plant growth and development. Although few crop species can tolerate the combination of salinity and waterlogging, halophytes are plant species that exhibit high tolerance to these conditions due to their morphological, anatomical, and metabolic adaptations. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms employed by plants exposed to saline waterlogging, intending to understand the mechanistic basis of their ion homeostasis. We summarize the knowledge of transporters and channels involved in ion accumulation and exclusion, and how they are modulated to prevent cytosolic toxicity. In addition, we discuss how reactive oxygen species production and cell signaling enhance ion transport and aerenchyma formation, and how plants exposed to saline waterlogging can control oxidative stress. We also address the morphological and anatomical modifications that plants undergo in response to combined stress, including aerenchyma formation, root porosity, and other traits that help to mitigate stress. Furthermore, we discuss the peculiarities of halophyte plants and their features that can be leveraged to improve crop yields in areas prone to saline waterlogging. This review provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of plant adaptation to saline waterlogging thus paving the path for future research on crop breeding and management strategies.
盐水和湿润环境会给大多数植物带来压力，从而降低其生长和产量。盐生植物通过离子调节、能量维持和抗氧化剂来适应。了解这些机制有助于为气候变化培育具有弹性的作物。水涝和盐度是两种对作物生长和产量有重大负面影响的非生物胁迫。这些条件会导致渗透、离子和氧化胁迫以及能量剥夺，从而损害植物的生长和发育。尽管少数作物物种可以耐受盐度和水涝的组合，但盐生植物是对这些条件具有高耐受性的植物物种，因为它们具有形态、解剖和代谢适应。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了暴露在盐水中的植物所采用的主要机制，旨在了解其离子稳态的机制基础。我们总结了涉及离子积累和排除的转运体和通道的知识，以及它们如何被调节以防止细胞质毒性。此外，我们讨论了活性氧物质的产生和细胞信号如何增强离子运输和通气组织的形成，以及暴露在盐水中的植物如何控制氧化应激。我们还讨论了植物对组合胁迫的形态和解剖学修饰，包括通气组织的形成、根孔隙率和其他有助于减轻胁迫的特征。此外，我们讨论了盐生植物的特殊性及其特征，这些特征可以被利用来提高易受盐水涝渍影响地区的作物产量。本综述提供了对植物适应盐水涝渍机制的深入了解，为未来的作物培育和管理策略研究铺平了道路。
