E3 Nutrition Lab, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; email:
Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Annu Rev Public Health. 2024 May;45(1):375-400. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060922-041451. Epub 2024 Apr 3.
Food insecurity affects an estimated 691-783 million people globally and is disproportionately high in Africa and Asia. It arises from poverty, armed conflict, and climate change, among other demographic and globalization forces. This review summarizes evidence for policies and practices across five elements of the agrifood system framework and identifies gaps that inform an agenda for future research. Under availability imbalanced agriculture policies protect primarily staple food producers, and there is limited evidence on food security impacts for smallholder and women food producers. Evidence supports the use of cash transfers and food aid for affordability and school feeding for multiple benefits. Food-based dietary guidelines can improve the nutritional quality of dietary patterns, yet they may not reflect the latest evidence or food supplies. Evidence from the newer food environment elements, promotion and sustainability, while relatively minimal, provides insight into achieving long-term impacts. To eliminate hunger, our global community should embrace integrated approaches and bring evidence-based policies and practices to scale.
全球估计有 6.91 亿至 7.83 亿人面临粮食不安全问题，非洲和亚洲的这一问题尤为严重。粮食不安全问题是由贫困、武装冲突和气候变化等人口和全球化因素造成的。本综述总结了农业食品系统框架五个要素的政策和实践证据，并确定了差距，为未来研究制定了议程。在供应方面，不平衡的农业政策主要保护主食生产者，而关于小农和妇女粮食生产者的粮食安全影响的证据有限。有证据表明，现金转移和粮食援助可用于支付能力，学校供餐则具有多种益处。基于食物的膳食指南可以提高饮食模式的营养质量，但它们可能无法反映最新的证据或食物供应情况。来自较新的食物环境要素（促进和可持续性）的证据虽然相对较少，但为实现长期影响提供了一些见解。为了消除饥饿，我们的全球社会应该采取综合方法，将基于证据的政策和实践推广开来。
