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流感病毒免疫印记决定了感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1的雪貂的临床结局。

Influenza virus immune imprinting dictates the clinical outcomes in ferrets challenged with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1.

作者信息

Nuñez Ivette A, Jang Hyesun, Huang Ying, Kelvin Alyson, Ross Ted M

机构信息

Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.

Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.

出版信息

Front Vet Sci. 2023 Dec 19;10:1286758. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1286758. eCollection 2023.

Abstract

Zoonotic transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) into the human population is an increasing global threat. The recent 2022 HPAIV outbreak significantly highlighted this possibility, increasing concern in the general population. The clinical outcomes of H5N1 influenza virus exposure can be determined by an individual's primary influenza virus infection (imprinting) or vaccination status. Immunological imprinting with Group 1 - (H1N1, H2N2, and H2N3) increases survival rates following H5N1 viral infection compared to Group 2 - (H3N2) imprinted individuals. Vaccination against H5N1 influenza viruses can offer protection to at-risk populations; however, stockpiled inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines are not readily available to the public. We hypothesize that the immunological response to vaccination and subsequent clinical outcome following H5N1 influenza virus infection is correlated with the immunological imprinting status of an individual. To test this hypothesis, our lab established a ferret pre-immune model of disease. Naïve ferrets were intranasally inoculated with seasonal influenza viruses and allowed to recover for 84 days prior to H5N1 virus infection. Ferrets imprinted following H1N1 and H2N3 virus infections were completely protected against lethal H5N1 influenza virus challenge (100% survival), with few to no clinical symptoms. In comparison, H3N2 influenza virus-imprinted ferrets had severe clinical symptoms, delayed disease progression, and a sublethal phenotype (40% mortality). Consecutive infections with H1N1 influenza viruses followed by an H3N2 influenza virus infection did not abrogate the immune protection induced by the original H1N1 influenza virus infection. In addition, ferrets consecutively infected with H1N1 and H2N3 viruses had no clinical symptoms or weight loss. H3N2 pre-immune ferrets were vaccinated with a broadly reactive H5 HA-based or H1 NA-based vaccine (Hu-CO 2). These ferrets were protected against H5N1 influenza virus challenge, whereas ferrets vaccinated with the H1N1 wild-type CA/09 rHA vaccine had similar phenotypes as non-vaccinated H3N2-imprinted ferrets with 40% survival. Overall, Group 2 imprinted ferrets, which were vaccinated with heterologous Group 1 HA vaccines, had redirected immune responses to Group 1 influenza viral antigens and rescued a sublethal phenotype to complete protection.

摘要

H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)向人类的人畜共患传播是一个日益严重的全球威胁。2022年最近的HPAIV疫情显著凸显了这种可能性,加剧了普通民众的担忧。H5N1流感病毒暴露的临床结果可由个体的原发性流感病毒感染(印记)或疫苗接种状况决定。与第2组(H3N2)印记个体相比,第1组(H1N1、H2N2和H2N3)的免疫印记可提高H5N1病毒感染后的存活率。针对H5N1流感病毒的疫苗接种可为高危人群提供保护;然而,储备的灭活H5N1流感疫苗公众无法轻易获得。我们假设,对H5N1流感病毒感染的疫苗接种免疫反应和随后的临床结果与个体的免疫印记状态相关。为了验证这一假设,我们实验室建立了雪貂疾病免疫前模型。将未接触过病毒的雪貂经鼻接种季节性流感病毒,并在感染H5N1病毒前恢复84天。感染H1N1和H2N3病毒后产生印记的雪貂在面对致死性H5N1流感病毒攻击时得到了完全保护(100%存活),几乎没有临床症状。相比之下,感染H3N2流感病毒后产生印记的雪貂出现严重临床症状,疾病进展延迟,表现为亚致死表型(40%死亡率)。连续感染H1N1流感病毒后再感染H3N2流感病毒,并不会消除最初H1N1流感病毒感染诱导的免疫保护。此外,连续感染H1N1和H2N3病毒的雪貂没有临床症状或体重减轻。对H3N2免疫前雪貂接种基于广泛反应性H5 HA或H1 NA的疫苗(Hu-CO 2)。这些雪貂在面对H5N1流感病毒攻击时得到了保护,而接种H1N1野生型CA/09 rHA疫苗的雪貂具有与未接种疫苗的H3N2印记雪貂相似的表型,存活率为40%。总体而言,用异源第1组HA疫苗接种的第2组印记雪貂对第1组流感病毒抗原的免疫反应发生了重定向,并将亚致死表型挽救为完全保护。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/9b2e/10759238/9c46ff786df0/fvets-10-1286758-g001.jpg

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