Entomology Department, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
Vector Control Products Unit, Researchworld Limited, Kisumu, Kenya.
Malar J. 2024 Jan 4;23(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04829-3.
Africa and the United States are both large, heterogeneous geographies with a diverse range of ecologies, climates and mosquito species diversity which contribute to disease transmission and nuisance biting. In the United States, mosquito control is nationally, and regionally coordinated and in so much as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) provides guidance, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides pesticide registration, and the states provide legal authority and oversight, the implementation is usually decentralized to the state, county, or city level. Mosquito control operations are organized, in most instances, into fully independent mosquito abatement districts, public works departments, local health departments. In some cases, municipalities engage independent private contractors to undertake mosquito control within their jurisdictions. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where most vector-borne disease endemic countries lie, mosquito control is organized centrally at the national level. In this model, the disease control programmes (national malaria control programmes or national malaria elimination programmes (NMCP/NMEP)) are embedded within the central governments' ministries of health (MoHs) and drive vector control policy development and implementation. Because of the high disease burden and limited resources, the primary endpoint of mosquito control in these settings is reduction of mosquito borne diseases, primarily, malaria. In the United States, however, the endpoint is mosquito control, therefore, significant (or even greater) emphasis is laid on nuisance mosquitoes as much as disease vectors. The authors detail experiences and learnings gathered by the delegation of African vector control professionals that participated in a formal exchange programme initiated by the Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), the University of Notre Dame, and members of the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA), in the United States between the year 2021 and 2022. The authors highlight the key components of mosquito control operations in the United States and compare them to mosquito control programmes in SSA countries endemic for vector-borne diseases, deriving important lessons that could be useful for vector control in SSA.
非洲和美国都是地域广阔、生态多样、气候多样的国家，拥有多种蚊子物种，这导致疾病传播和蚊子叮咬骚扰的情况更为复杂。在美国，蚊子防治工作在国家和地区层面进行协调。美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）提供指导，美国环境保护署（EPA）负责登记杀虫剂，各州则提供法律授权和监督，实施工作通常由州、县或市一级负责。在大多数情况下，蚊子防治工作由完全独立的蚊虫防治区、公共工程部门和地方卫生部门组织开展。在某些情况下，市政府会聘请独立的私人承包商在其管辖范围内开展蚊子防治工作。在撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA），大多数虫媒病流行的国家都位于这一地区，蚊子防治工作由国家层面集中组织。在这种模式下，疾病控制规划（国家疟疾控制规划或国家消除疟疾规划（NMCP/NMEP））嵌入中央政府的卫生部（MoHs）内，并推动病媒控制政策的制定和实施。由于疾病负担高和资源有限，这些国家蚊子防治的主要目标是减少蚊媒疾病，主要是疟疾。然而，在美国，蚊子防治的目标是控制蚊子，因此，人们非常重视骚扰性蚊子，就像重视病媒一样。本文作者详细介绍了参加由泛非蚊虫控制协会（PAMCA）、圣母大学和美国蚊虫控制协会（AMCA）成员在美国组织的正式交流项目的非洲蚊虫控制专业人员代表团收集的经验和教训。该交流项目于 2021 年至 2022 年期间进行。作者强调了美国蚊子防治行动的关键组成部分，并将其与 SSA 虫媒病流行国家的蚊子防治计划进行了比较，从中得出了对 SSA 病媒控制可能有用的重要经验。
