University of Nottingham Ningbo, China.
Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, China.
Hum Factors. 2024 Dec;66(12):2669-2690. doi: 10.1177/00187208231226052. Epub 2024 Jan 11.
This study aimed to investigate drivers' disengagement from nondriving related tasks (NDRT) during scheduled takeovers and to evaluate its impact on takeover performance.
During scheduled takeovers, drivers typically have sufficient time to prepare. However, inadequate disengagement from NDRTs can introduce safety risks.
Participants experienced scheduled takeovers using a driving simulator, undergoing two conditions, with and without an NDRT. We assessed their takeover performance and monitored their NDRT disengagement from visual, cognitive, and physical perspectives.
The study examined three NDRT disengagement timings (DTs): DT1 (disengaged before the takeover request), DT2 (disengaged after the request but before taking over), and DT3 (not disengaged). The impact of NDRT on takeover performance varied depending on DTs. Specifically, DT1 demonstrated no adverse effects; DT2 impaired takeover time, while DT3 impaired both takeover time and quality. Additionally, participants who displayed DT1 exhibited longer eye-off-NDRT duration and a higher eye-off-NDRT count during the prewarning stage compared to those with DT2 and DT3.
Drivers can benefit from earlier disengagement from NDRTs, demonstrating resilience to the adverse effects of NDRTs on takeover performance. The disengagement of cognition is often delayed compared to that of eyes and hands, potentially leading to DT3. Moreover, visual disengagement from NDRTs during the prewarning stage could distinguish DT1 from the other two.
Our study emphasizes considering NDRT disengagement in designing systems for scheduled takeovers. Measures should be taken to promote early disengagement, facilitate cognitive disengagement, and employ visual disengagement during the prewarning period as predictive indicators of DTs.
本研究旨在调查驾驶员在计划接管过程中对非驾驶相关任务（NDRT）的脱离情况，并评估其对接管性能的影响。
在计划接管期间，驾驶员通常有足够的时间准备。然而，对 NDRT 的脱离不足可能会带来安全风险。
参与者使用驾驶模拟器体验计划接管，经历有无 NDRT 的两种情况。我们评估了他们的接管性能，并从视觉、认知和身体角度监测他们对 NDRT 的脱离情况。
本研究考察了 NDRT 脱离的三个时间点（DT）：DT1（在接管请求前脱离）、DT2（在请求后但接管前脱离）和 DT3（未脱离）。NDRT 对接管性能的影响取决于 DT。具体而言，DT1 没有不利影响；DT2 会延长接管时间，而 DT3 则会同时影响接管时间和质量。此外，与 DT2 和 DT3 相比，表现出 DT1 的参与者在预警阶段中，眼睛离开 NDRT 的持续时间和次数更长。
驾驶员可以从更早地脱离 NDRT 中受益，表现出对 NDRT 对接管性能的不利影响的适应能力。认知脱离通常比眼睛和手的脱离延迟，可能导致 DT3。此外，在预警阶段中对 NDRT 的视觉脱离可以将 DT1 与其他两种情况区分开来。
本研究强调在设计计划接管系统时考虑 NDRT 脱离。应采取措施促进早期脱离、促进认知脱离，并在预警期间使用视觉脱离作为 DT 的预测指标。
