Mattson Mark P, Leak Rehana K
Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Cell Metab. 2024 Feb 6;36(2):315-337. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.022. Epub 2024 Jan 10.
Animals live in habitats fraught with a range of environmental challenges to their bodies and brains. Accordingly, cells and organ systems have evolved stress-responsive signaling pathways that enable them to not only withstand environmental challenges but also to prepare for future challenges and function more efficiently. These phylogenetically conserved processes are the foundation of the hormesis principle, in which single or repeated exposures to low levels of environmental challenges improve cellular and organismal fitness and raise the probability of survival. Hormetic principles have been most intensively studied in physical exercise but apply to numerous other challenges known to improve human health (e.g., intermittent fasting, cognitive stimulation, and dietary phytochemicals). Here we review the physiological mechanisms underlying hormesis-based neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Approaching natural resilience from the lens of hormesis may reveal novel methods for optimizing brain function and lowering the burden of neurological disorders.
动物生活在充满各种对其身体和大脑构成环境挑战的栖息地中。因此，细胞和器官系统进化出了应激反应信号通路，使它们不仅能够抵御环境挑战，还能为未来的挑战做好准备并更高效地发挥功能。这些系统发育上保守的过程是应激适应原理的基础，在该原理中，单次或重复暴露于低水平的环境挑战可提高细胞和机体的适应性，并增加生存概率。应激适应原理在体育锻炼方面得到了最深入的研究，但也适用于许多其他已知可改善人类健康的挑战（例如间歇性禁食、认知刺激和膳食植物化学物质）。在此，我们综述基于应激适应的神经可塑性和神经保护的生理机制。从应激适应的角度探讨自然恢复力可能会揭示优化脑功能和减轻神经疾病负担的新方法。
