Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2024 Jan 12;19:367-388. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S440612. eCollection 2024.
Autoimmune diseases are diseases caused by the body's chronic immune responses to self-antigens and attacks on the host's own cells, tissues and organs. The dysfunction of innate immunity and adaptive immunity leads to the destruction of autoimmune tolerance, which is the most basic factor leading to pathogenesis. The optimal strategy for autoimmune diseases is to modify the host immune system to restore tolerance. The ideal effect of therapeutic autoimmune diseases is to eliminate the autoantigen-specific spontaneous immune response without interfering with the immune response against other antigens. Therapeutic nanovaccines that produce immune tolerance conform to this principle. Nanomaterials provide a platform for antigen loading and modification due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Nanovaccines based on nanomaterial technology can simultaneously enable antigens and adjuvants to be absorbed by immune cells and induce rapid and durable immunity. Nanovaccines have the advantages of being able to be designed and loaded and of better protecting antigens from premature degradation. Nanovaccines also have the ability to target specific tissues or cells through optimized design. We review the latest research progress of nanovaccines for autoimmune diseases and the design strategies of nanovaccines to promote the development of more effective nanovaccines for autoimmune diseases.
自身免疫性疾病是由机体对自身抗原的慢性免疫反应和对宿主自身细胞、组织和器官的攻击引起的疾病。固有免疫和适应性免疫功能障碍导致自身免疫耐受破坏，这是导致发病机制的最基本因素。治疗自身免疫性疾病的最佳策略是修饰宿主免疫系统以恢复耐受。治疗性自身免疫疾病的理想效果是消除针对自身抗原的自发性免疫反应，而不干扰针对其他抗原的免疫反应。产生免疫耐受的治疗性纳米疫苗符合这一原则。由于纳米材料具有独特的物理和化学性质，因此为抗原负载和修饰提供了平台。基于纳米材料技术的纳米疫苗能够使抗原和佐剂同时被免疫细胞吸收，并诱导快速和持久的免疫。纳米疫苗具有可设计和加载的优点，并且能够更好地保护抗原免受过早降解。纳米疫苗还能够通过优化设计靶向特定组织或细胞。我们综述了自身免疫性疾病纳米疫苗的最新研究进展和纳米疫苗的设计策略，以促进更有效的自身免疫性疾病纳米疫苗的发展。
