Phrapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, 22000, Thailand.
Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Virol J. 2024 Jan 19;21(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12985-024-02296-z.
Sentinel laboratory surveillance for diarrheal disease determined norovirus to be the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand. An increase in patients presenting with diarrhea and vomiting in hospitals across Chanthaburi province between December 2021 and January 2022 led to the need for the identification of viral pathogens that may be responsible for the outbreak.
Fecal samples (rectal swabs or stool) from 93 patients, of which 65 patients were collected during the December 2021 to January 2022 outbreak, were collected and screened for viral infection by real-time RT-PCR. Positive samples for norovirus GII were then genotyped by targeted amplification and sequencing of partial polymerase and capsid genes. Full genome sequencing was performed from the predominant strain, GII.3[P25].
Norovirus was the most common virus detected in human fecal samples in this study. 39 of 65 outbreak samples (60%) and 3 of 28 (10%) non-outbreak samples were positive for norovirus genogroup II. One was positive for rotavirus, and one indicated co-infection with rotavirus and norovirus genogroups I and II. Nucleotide sequences of VP1 and RdRp gene were successfully obtained from 28 of 39 positive norovirus GII and used for dual-typing; 25/28 (89.3%) were GII.3, and 24/28 (85.7) were GII.P25, respectively. Norovirus GII.3[P25] was the predominant strain responsible for this outbreak. The full genome sequence of norovirus GII.3[P25] from our study is the first reported in Thailand and has 98.62% and 98.57% similarity to norovirus found in China in 2021 and the USA in 2022, respectively. We further demonstrate the presence of multiple co-circulating norovirus genotypes, including GII.21[P21], GII.17[P17], GII.3[P12] and GII.4[P31] in our study.
An unusual diarrhea outbreak was found in December 2021 in eastern Thailand. Norovirus strain GII.3[P25] was the cause of the outbreak and was first detected in Thailand. The positive rate during GII.3[P25] outbreak was six times higher than sporadic cases (GII.4), and, atypically, adults were the primary infected population rather than children.
在泰国 COVID-19 大流行期间，哨点实验室监测发现诺如病毒是导致人们非细菌性胃肠炎的最常见原因。2021 年 12 月至 2022 年 1 月，占春武里府多家医院就诊的腹泻和呕吐患者增加，需要确定可能导致此次暴发的病毒病原体。
收集了 93 例患者的粪便样本（直肠拭子或粪便），其中 65 例患者来自 2021 年 12 月至 2022 年 1 月的暴发期间，通过实时 RT-PCR 对病毒感染进行了筛查。对诺如病毒 GII 呈阳性的样本进行了靶向扩增和部分聚合酶和衣壳基因的测序，对部分 GII 进行了基因分型。从主要流行株 GII.3[P25]中进行全基因组测序。
在本研究中，诺如病毒是人类粪便样本中最常见的病毒。65 例暴发样本中有 39 例（60%）和 28 例非暴发样本中有 3 例（10%）为诺如病毒基因 II 组阳性。1 例为轮状病毒阳性，1 例为轮状病毒和诺如病毒基因 I 和 II 组共同感染。从 39 例诺如病毒 GII 阳性样本中成功获得了 VP1 和 RdRp 基因的核苷酸序列，并用于双重分型；28 例中的 25 例（89.3%）为 GII.3，24 例中的 24 例（85.7%）为 GII.P25。诺如病毒 GII.3[P25]是导致此次暴发的主要流行株。本研究中诺如病毒 GII.3[P25]的全基因组序列是泰国首次报道的，与中国 2021 年和美国 2022 年发现的诺如病毒分别具有 98.62%和 98.57%的相似性。我们进一步证明了存在多种循环诺如病毒基因型，包括 GII.21[P21]、GII.17[P17]、GII.3[P12]和 GII.4[P31]。
2021 年 12 月在泰国东部发现了一起不寻常的腹泻暴发。诺如病毒株 GII.3[P25]是此次暴发的原因，并且是在泰国首次检测到。GII.3[P25]暴发期间的阳性率是散发性病例（GII.4）的六倍，而且成年人是主要感染人群，而不是儿童。
