Santillán-Morales Valeria, Rodriguez-Espinosa Norberto, Muñoz-Estrada Jesús, Alarcón-Elizalde Salvador, Acebes Ángel, Benítez-King Gloria
Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico.
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
Brain Sci. 2024 Jan 2;14(1):46. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14010046.
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the main cause of dementia, affects millions of people around the world, whose diagnosis is based mainly on clinical criteria. Unfortunately, the diagnosis is obtained very late, when the neurodegenerative damage is significant for most patients. Therefore, the exhaustive study of biomarkers is indispensable for diagnostic, prognostic, and even follow-up support. AD is a multifactorial disease, and knowing its underlying pathological mechanisms is crucial to propose new and valuable biomarkers. In this review, we summarize some of the main biomarkers described in AD, which have been evaluated mainly by imaging studies in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples. Furthermore, we describe and propose neuronal precursors derived from the olfactory neuroepithelium as a potential resource to evaluate some of the widely known biomarkers of AD and to gear toward searching for new biomarkers. These neuronal lineage cells, which can be obtained directly from patients through a non-invasive and outpatient procedure, display several characteristics that validate them as a surrogate model to study the central nervous system, allowing the analysis of AD pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the ease of obtaining and harvesting endows them as an accessible and powerful resource to evaluate biomarkers in clinical practice.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）作为痴呆的主要病因，影响着全球数百万人，其诊断主要基于临床标准。不幸的是，诊断往往在很晚的时候才能做出，此时大多数患者的神经退行性损伤已经很严重。因此，对生物标志物进行详尽研究对于诊断、预后评估乃至随访支持都不可或缺。AD是一种多因素疾病，了解其潜在的病理机制对于提出新的有价值的生物标志物至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们总结了AD中描述的一些主要生物标志物，这些标志物主要通过对脑脊液和血液样本的影像学研究进行评估。此外，我们描述并提出源自嗅神经上皮的神经前体细胞作为一种潜在资源，用于评估一些广为人知的AD生物标志物，并朝着寻找新生物标志物的方向发展。这些神经谱系细胞可以通过非侵入性的门诊程序直接从患者身上获得，具有多种特性，使其成为研究中枢神经系统的替代模型，能够分析AD的病理生理过程。此外，获取和采集的便利性使其成为临床实践中评估生物标志物的一种可及且强大的资源。
