Puthumana Jayesh, Chandrababu Aswathy, Sarasan Manomi, Joseph Valsamma, Singh I S Bright
National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, 16 Kerala India.
3 Biotech. 2024 Feb;14(2):44. doi: 10.1007/s13205-023-03891-7. Epub 2024 Jan 18.
Conventional selective breeding in aquaculture has been effective in genetically enhancing economic traits like growth and disease resistance. However, its advances are restricted by heritability, the extended period required to produce a strain with desirable traits, and the necessity to target multiple characteristics simultaneously in the breeding programs. Genome editing tools like zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) are promising for faster genetic improvement in fishes. CRISPR/Cas9 technology is the least expensive, most precise, and well compatible with multiplexing of all genome editing approaches, making it a productive and highly targeted approach for developing customized fish strains with specified characteristics. As a result, the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in aquaculture is rapidly growing, with the main traits researched being reproduction and development, growth, pigmentation, disease resistance, trans-GFP utilization, and omega-3 metabolism. However, technological obstacles, such as off-target effects, ancestral genome duplication, and mosaicism in founder population, need to be addressed to achieve sustainable fish production. Furthermore, present regulatory and risk assessment frameworks are inadequate to address the technical hurdles of CRISPR/Cas9, even though public and regulatory approval is critical to commercializing novel technology products. In this review, we examine the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the genetic improvement of edible fish, the technical, ethical, and socio-economic challenges to using it in fish species, and its future scope for sustainable fish production.
水产养殖中的传统选择性育种在遗传增强生长和抗病性等经济性状方面已取得成效。然而，其进展受到遗传力、培育具有理想性状品系所需的较长时间以及育种计划中同时针对多个特征的必要性的限制。锌指核酸酶（ZFNs）、转录激活样效应核酸酶（TALENs）和成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列/CRISPR相关蛋白9（CRISPR/Cas9）等基因组编辑工具有望加快鱼类的遗传改良。CRISPR/Cas9技术是所有基因组编辑方法中成本最低、最精确且与多重编辑兼容性良好的技术，使其成为培育具有特定特征的定制鱼类品系的高效且高度靶向的方法。因此，CRISPR/Cas9技术在水产养殖中的应用正在迅速增长，研究的主要性状包括繁殖与发育、生长、色素沉着、抗病性、转绿色荧光蛋白利用以及ω-3代谢。然而，为实现可持续的鱼类生产，需要解决诸如脱靶效应、祖先基因组复制以及奠基群体中的嵌合现象等技术障碍。此外，尽管公众和监管部门的批准对于新技术产品商业化至关重要，但目前的监管和风险评估框架不足以应对CRISPR/Cas9的技术障碍。在本综述中，我们探讨了CRISPR/Cas9技术在食用鱼类遗传改良方面的潜力、在鱼类物种中使用该技术所面临的技术、伦理和社会经济挑战以及其在可持续鱼类生产方面的未来前景。
