Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Environ Geochem Health. 2024 Jan 25;46(2):56. doi: 10.1007/s10653-023-01838-8.
Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has been facing air pollution for several decades due to rapid urbanization, population growth, improper vehicle use, and the low quality of fuels. In this study, 31 indoor dust samples were collected passively from residential and commercial buildings located in the central and densely populated districts of the city. These samples were analyzed after preparation to measure the concentration of elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Zn). Statistical data analyses were employed to compare their relationship across various uses, variations, and for source identification. Geochemical indices of contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were utilized to evaluate the degree of contamination. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb (938, 206, and 176 µg g, respectively) are 6, 5, and 3 times higher than their mean values in worldwide urban soils. Additionally, Cd, Mo, and Ni showed concentrations about 1.5 times higher, while As, Co, Cr, Mn, and Sr fell within the range of reference soils. Be, V, and Sb displayed remarkably lower mean values. Building use did not significantly influence element levels in indoor deposited dust except for Pb and Zn. A comparison of indoor concentrations with previously published data for outdoor dusts revealed higher enrichments of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni, while As, Cd, and Zn showed lower enrichments in street dust samples. The order of CF values indicated Hg > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Co > V. For Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, all or almost all samples exhibited very high contamination. PLI values were consistently higher than 1, indicating contamination in all samples. Multivariate statistical analysis and Tehran's specific geological location suggested that mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks are primary sources for Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni (PC1). As, Pb, and V (PC2) were attributed to fossil fuel combustion in vehicles and residential buildings. Pb is a legacy metal remaining from the use of leaded gasoline, which was phased out in the 1990s. Zn (PC3) is derived from vehicle tires.
德黑兰，伊朗的首都，由于快速的城市化、人口增长、车辆使用不当以及燃料质量低下，几十年来一直面临着空气污染问题。在这项研究中，从位于城市中心和人口密集区的住宅和商业建筑中被动收集了 31 个室内灰尘样本。这些样本在准备后进行了分析，以测量元素（As、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se、Sr、V、Zn）的浓度。使用统计数据分析了它们在不同用途、变化和来源识别方面的关系。污染因子（CF）和污染负荷指数（PLI）的地球化学指标用于评估污染程度。Zn、Cu 和 Pb 的平均浓度（分别为 938、206 和 176µg g）是全球城市土壤中平均浓度的 6、5 和 3 倍。此外，Cd、Mo 和 Ni 的浓度约高 1.5 倍，而 As、Co、Cr、Mn 和 Sr 的浓度则在参考土壤的范围内。Be、V 和 Sb 的平均浓度明显较低。建筑物用途除了 Pb 和 Zn 外，对室内沉积灰尘中的元素水平没有显著影响。与以前发表的室外灰尘数据相比，室内浓度显示 Mo、Cu、Pb 和 Ni 的富集程度更高，而 As、Cd 和 Zn 的富集程度更低。CF 值的顺序表明 Hg > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Co > V。对于 Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd 和 Cu，所有或几乎所有样品均表现出极高的污染。PLI 值始终高于 1，表明所有样品均受到污染。多元统计分析和德黑兰的特定地质位置表明，镁铁质-中性火山岩是 Cr、Cu、Fe 和 Ni（PC1）的主要来源。As、Pb 和 V（PC2）归因于车辆和住宅建筑中化石燃料的燃烧。Pb 是一种遗留金属，源自 20 世纪 90 年代淘汰的含铅汽油的使用。Zn（PC3）来自车辆轮胎。
