Alotaibi Abdulkarim F, Khdary Shuaa N, Alzarzor Alajami Mais A, Sambas Esraa A, Aldakhil Norah A, Naibulharam Dana Y, Alsulmi Alaa A, Alosaimi Fahad D
Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Pharm J. 2024 Mar;32(3):101966. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101966. Epub 2024 Jan 26.
Establishing a balanced diet is necessary for obtaining the required daily micronutrients and macronutrients. However, the importance of using dietary supplements to complement one's diet is a significant aspect to consider. While studies have reported the prevalence and patterns of dietary supplements in Saudi Arabia, most focused on university students, women in their reproductive life-particularly during pregnancy-or male athletes. Hence, the objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement usage, along with the associated sociodemographic and psychiatric predictors among women attending fitness centers in Saudi Arabia.
A cross-sectional design was utilized using a structured questionnaire to collect data on dietary intakes such as consumption, nutrition supplements, type of nutrition supplements, and reason for consuming dietary supplements. Data collection occurred in female fitness centers, with participants accessing the questionnaires through QR codes linked to online Google forms. The dietary usage was assessed using a structured questionnaire developed by the study authors, and depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 scales, respectively. SPSS 23.0 was utilized to analyze the data, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between sociodemographic and psychiatric predictors and patterns of dietary supplement usage. The results were presented by reporting an unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95 % Confidence Intervals (CIs).
The total number of participants in this study was 453 women. Half of the 453 women (46.1 %) consumed dietary supplements, and (84.0 %) reported taking proteins, caffeine, creatinine, mineral salts, fish oil, and/or amino acids or a combination of these dietary supplements. A considerable number of women (41.0 %) reported that a doctor, dietitian, or trainer motivated them to take the dietary supplement, and (38.0 %) of women self-prescribed dietary supplements. More than half (51 %) of the women consumed dietary supplements to compensate for nutrient deficiency, and 48 % used them to improve their health. Women who did not work to earn were 53 % less likely to consume dietary supplements (AOR = 0.47; [95 % CI: 0.30-0.72]) than women who reported working to earn either in the private or government sector. Depressed women were (42 %) less likely to consume dietary supplements than non-depressed women (AOR = 0.58; [95 % CI: 0.33-0.99]) after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and other medical conditions.
It has been evident that a large proportion of women enrolled in the fitness center report consuming dietary supplements, mostly to compensate for energy and to improve overall health. The findings highlight that non-working and depressed women were less likely to use dietary supplements than their counterparts. By understanding these patterns, the community can tailor health interventions and policies to ensure equitable access to proper dietary support, especially for those facing challenges like depression and unemployment. Future research on a larger sample of women outside fitness centers is encouraged to explore further dietary supplement consumption and patterns among diverse population groups, and to ultimately develop health guidelines for the appropriate use of supplements.
建立均衡饮食对于获取每日所需的微量营养素和宏量营养素至关重要。然而，使用膳食补充剂来补充饮食的重要性是一个需要考虑的重要方面。虽然已有研究报道了沙特阿拉伯膳食补充剂的流行情况和模式，但大多数研究集中在大学生、育龄期女性（尤其是孕期）或男性运动员身上。因此，本研究的目的是估计沙特阿拉伯健身中心女性使用膳食补充剂的流行情况和模式，以及相关的社会人口统计学和精神预测因素。
采用横断面设计，使用结构化问卷收集饮食摄入数据，如消费情况、营养补充剂、营养补充剂类型以及食用膳食补充剂的原因。数据收集在女性健身中心进行，参与者通过与在线谷歌表单链接的二维码访问问卷。使用研究作者编制的结构化问卷评估饮食使用情况，分别使用PHQ-9和GAD-7量表评估抑郁和焦虑症状。使用SPSS 23.0分析数据，并进行多变量逻辑回归分析，以确定社会人口统计学和精神预测因素与膳食补充剂使用模式之间的关联。结果通过报告未调整和调整后的比值比（AOR）及95%置信区间（CI）呈现。
本研究的参与者总数为453名女性。453名女性中有一半（46.1%）食用膳食补充剂，且84.0%的人报告服用蛋白质、咖啡因、肌酸、矿物盐、鱼油和/或氨基酸或这些膳食补充剂的组合。相当数量的女性（41.0%）报告称医生、营养师或教练促使她们服用膳食补充剂，38.0%的女性自行开具膳食补充剂。超过一半（51%）的女性食用膳食补充剂是为了弥补营养缺乏，48%的女性是为了改善健康。未工作挣钱的女性食用膳食补充剂的可能性比在私营或政府部门工作挣钱的女性低53%（AOR = 0.47；[95% CI：0.30 - 0.72]）。在调整社会人口统计学变量和其他医疗状况后，抑郁女性食用膳食补充剂的可能性比非抑郁女性低42%（AOR = 0.58；[95% CI：0.33 - 0.99]）。
显然，健身中心的很大一部分女性报告食用膳食补充剂，主要是为了补充能量和改善整体健康。研究结果表明，未工作和抑郁的女性比其他女性使用膳食补充剂的可能性更小。通过了解这些模式，社区可以制定健康干预措施和政策，以确保公平获得适当的饮食支持，特别是对于那些面临抑郁和失业等挑战的人群。鼓励未来对健身中心以外更大样本的女性进行研究，以进一步探索不同人群中的膳食补充剂消费情况和模式，并最终制定适当使用补充剂的健康指南。
