de Bruijn Ymke, Emmen Rosanneke A G, Mesman Judi
Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College, Leiden University.
Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2025 Apr;31(2):333-346. doi: 10.1037/cdp0000638. Epub 2024 Feb 8.
Parents can set examples of social norms about ethnic diversity and interethnic relations in interaction with their children. The present study examined whether and how parents set norms of color-evasiveness and White normativity when playing a social categorization game with their children.
In a sample of 141 White Dutch, 73 Turkish-Dutch, and 56 Black Dutch mothers of a 6- to 10-year-old child, behaviors reflecting color-evasiveness (avoiding skin color questions, asking about skin color late in the game, taking relatively long to formulate skin color questions) and White normativity (bias in ethnic-racial focus used) were observed. Two subsamples (mothers approximately 2 years later and fathers) were used to try to replicate results.
Color-evasiveness was most frequent among White Dutch mothers and during the version of the game including pictures of South West Asian/North African and Black adults, but did not depend on the ethnic-racial background of the researchers. All mothers who asked about skin color displayed patterns of ethnic-racial focus that reflect White normativity, by focusing on dark rather than light skin colors. This bias was irrespective of their own ethnic-racial background, ethnic-racial background of the researchers, and the version of the game. Patterns of color-evasiveness and White normativity were largely replicated in both subsamples.
These results suggest that children might already learn societal norms that conflict with anti-racism in very basic parent-child interactions situations. Future research is needed to investigate how to foster more inclusive social norms such as color consciousness in the next generation and their parents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
在与孩子互动时，父母可以树立关于种族多样性和族际关系的社会规范榜样。本研究考察了父母在与孩子玩社会分类游戏时是否以及如何设定回避肤色和白人规范性的规范。
对141名荷兰白人、73名土耳其裔荷兰人和56名荷兰黑人母亲进行抽样，这些母亲都有一个6至10岁的孩子，观察她们在游戏中反映回避肤色（避免肤色问题、在游戏后期询问肤色、花费较长时间来表述肤色问题）和白人规范性（使用的种族关注偏差）的行为。使用两个子样本（大约两年后的母亲和父亲）来尝试重复结果。
回避肤色在荷兰白人母亲中最为常见，并且在包含西南亚/北非和黑人成年人图片的游戏版本中出现，但不取决于研究人员的种族背景。所有询问肤色的母亲都表现出反映白人规范性的种族关注模式，即关注深色而非浅色皮肤。这种偏差与她们自己的种族背景、研究人员的种族背景以及游戏版本无关。回避肤色和白人规范性模式在两个子样本中基本都得到了重复。
这些结果表明，在非常基本的亲子互动情境中，孩子们可能已经在学习与反种族主义相冲突的社会规范。未来需要进行研究，以探讨如何在下一代及其父母中培养更具包容性的社会规范，如肤色意识。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2025美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
