Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Feb 5;25(3):1927. doi: 10.3390/ijms25031927.
Graphene oxide (GO) has received increasing attention in the life sciences because of its potential for various applications. Although GO is generally considered biocompatible, it can negatively impact cell physiology under some circumstances. Here, we demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of GO greatly varies depending on the cell adhesion states. Human HCT-116 cells in a non-adhered state were more susceptible to GO than those in an adherent state. Apoptosis was partially induced by GO in both adhered and non-adhered cells to a similar extent, suggesting that apoptosis induction does not account for the selective effects of GO on non-adhered cells. GO treatment rapidly decreased intracellular ATP levels in non-adhered cells but not in adhered ones, suggesting ATP depletion as the primary cause of GO-induced cell death. Concurrently, autophagy induction, a cellular response for energy homeostasis, was more evident in non-adhered cells than in adhered cells. Collectively, our observations provide novel insights into GO's action with regard to cell adhesion states. Because the elimination of non-adhered cells is important in preventing cancer metastasis, the selective detrimental effects of GO on non-adhered cells suggest its therapeutic potential for use in cancer metastasis.
氧化石墨烯（GO）因其在各种应用中的潜在用途而受到生命科学领域的广泛关注。尽管 GO 通常被认为是生物相容的，但在某些情况下，它可能会对细胞生理学产生负面影响。在这里，我们证明 GO 的细胞毒性在很大程度上取决于细胞的附着状态。非附着状态的人 HCT-116 细胞比附着状态的细胞更容易受到 GO 的影响。GO 在附着和非附着细胞中都部分诱导了凋亡，这表明凋亡诱导不是 GO 对非附着细胞产生选择性影响的原因。GO 处理迅速降低了非附着细胞中的细胞内 ATP 水平，但对附着细胞没有影响，这表明 ATP 耗竭是 GO 诱导细胞死亡的主要原因。同时，自噬诱导是一种用于能量平衡的细胞反应，在非附着细胞中比在附着细胞中更为明显。总的来说，我们的观察结果为 GO 对细胞附着状态的作用提供了新的见解。由于消除非附着细胞对于防止癌症转移很重要，因此 GO 对非附着细胞的选择性有害影响表明其在癌症转移治疗中的潜在应用价值。
