Kira Shinichiro, Zylberberg Ariel, Shadlen Michael N
Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, NY, USA.
bioRxiv. 2024 Jan 31:2024.01.31.578067. doi: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578067.
Many decisions benefit from the accumulation of evidence obtained sequentially over time. In such circumstances, the decision maker must balance speed against accuracy, and the nature of this tradeoff mediates competing desiderata and costs, especially those associated with the passage of time. A neural mechanism to achieve this balance is to accumulate evidence in suitable units and to terminate the deliberation when enough evidence has accrued. To accommodate time costs, it has been hypothesized that the criterion to terminate a decision may become lax as a function of time. Here we tested this hypothesis by manipulating the cost of time in a perceptual choice-reaction time task. Participants discriminated the direction of motion in a dynamic random-dot display, which varied in difficulty across trials. After each trial, they received feedback in the form of points based on whether they made a correct or erroneous choice. They were instructed to maximize their points per unit of time. Unbeknownst to the participants, halfway through the experiment, we increased the time pressure by canceling a small fraction of trials if they had not made a decision by a provisional deadline. Although the manipulation canceled less than 5% of trials, it induced the participants to make faster decisions while lowering their decision accuracy. The pattern of choices and reaction times were explained by bounded drift-diffusion. In all phases of the experiment, stopping bounds were found to decline as a function of time, consistent with the optimal solution, and this decline was exaggerated in response to the time-cost manipulation.
许多决策受益于随时间顺序积累的证据。在这种情况下,决策者必须在速度和准确性之间进行权衡,而这种权衡的本质会调节相互竞争的需求和成本,尤其是那些与时间流逝相关的成本。实现这种平衡的一种神经机制是,以合适的单位积累证据,并在积累了足够的证据时终止审议。为了适应时间成本,有人提出假设,即终止决策的标准可能会随着时间的推移而变得宽松。在这里,我们通过在感知选择反应时间任务中操纵时间成本来检验这一假设。参与者在动态随机点显示中辨别运动方向,每次试验的难度各不相同。每次试验后,他们会根据自己的选择是正确还是错误,以积分的形式收到反馈。他们被要求在单位时间内最大化自己的积分。在参与者不知情的情况下,在实验进行到一半时,如果他们在临时截止日期前没有做出决定,我们就会取消一小部分试验,从而增加时间压力。尽管这种操纵只取消了不到5%的试验,但它促使参与者做出更快的决策,同时降低了他们的决策准确性。选择模式和反应时间可以用有界漂移扩散来解释。在实验的所有阶段,都发现停止界限会随着时间的推移而下降,这与最优解决方案一致,并且这种下降在对时间成本操纵的反应中被夸大了。