Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Transgender and Gender Expansive Health, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Center for Transgender and Gender Expansive Health, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2024 May;36(2):195-205. doi: 10.1016/j.coms.2024.01.003. Epub 2024 Feb 15.
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) as applied to the midfacial region targets modifications to the nasal and malar esthetic complexes. Although a global assessment is paramount in achieving desired functional results, most patients benefit from malar feminization in the form of bony and soft tissue augmentation, and nasal feminization in the form of reductive rhinoplasty. For patients with signs of aging, additional interventions in the form of rhytidectomy are powerful adjuncts to feminization. As with FFS techniques directed toward the upper and lower thirds, the overarching goal is to obtain complementary outcomes that enhance facial harmony and beauty.
面部整形手术（FFS）应用于中面部区域，旨在对鼻和颧骨美学复合体进行修饰。尽管全面评估对于获得理想的功能效果至关重要，但大多数患者受益于颧骨整形，包括骨和软组织填充，以及鼻整形，包括缩小成形术。对于有衰老迹象的患者，通过除皱术等额外干预措施是女性化的有力辅助手段。与针对上下三分之一的 FFS 技术一样，总体目标是获得互补的结果，以增强面部的和谐与美感。
