INTRODUCTION: Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP) is a protein involved in many neuronal processes in the nervous system including the modulation of synaptic transmission. The loss of FMRP produces the fragile X syndrome (FXS), a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting synaptic and neuronal function and producing cognitive impairments. However, the effects of FXS on short-term processing of synaptic inputs and neuronal outputs in the hippocampus have not yet been sufficiently clarified. Furthermore, it is not known whether dorsal and ventral hippocampi are affected similarly or not in FXS. METHOD: We used an Fmr1 knockout (KO) rat model of FXS and recordings of evoked field potentials from the CA1 field of transverse slices from both the dorsal and the ventral hippocampi of adult rats. RESULTS: Following application of a frequency stimulation protocol consisting of a ten-pulse train and recordings of fEPSP, we found that the dorsal but not ventral KO hippocampus shows altered short-term synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, applying the frequency stimulation protocol and recordings of population spikes, both segments of the KO hippocampus display altered short-term neuronal dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that short-term processing of synaptic inputs is affected in the dorsal, not ventral, FXS hippocampus, while short-term processing of neuronal output is affected in both segments of the FXS hippocampus in a similar way. These FXS-associated changes may have significant impact on the functions of the dorsal and ventral hippocampi in individuals with FXS.