Kouengoua Armelle Prudence Kouengoua, Tsissa Yves Ledoux, Noudeke Nestor Denakpo, Chimi Roland Nankam, Njayou Arouna, Youssao Abdou Karim Issaka, Dahouda Mahamadou, Boko Cyrille, Dougnon Victorien, Awah-Ndukum Julius, Souaibou Farougou
Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Universite des Montagnes Bangangte, Cameroun.
Research Unit on Transmissible Diseases-Ecole Poly Technique, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
Vet World. 2024 Jan;17(1):8-16. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.8-16. Epub 2024 Jan 4.
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a contagious and notifiable disease, which is prevalent in cattle populations of many countries and in several wildlife species worldwide. However, the role of wildlife in the transmission and/or maintenance of bTB at the human-wild animal-animal interface and the epidemiology of zoonotic disease are poorly understood in Cameroon, where many wildlife species exist. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and zoonotic risk factors of bTB at the cattle-wildlife-human interface in the South and East regions of Cameroon.
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from May to October 2022 in the southern region (Vallée du Ntem and Dja et Lobo) and eastern region (Haut Nyong and Lom et Djérem) of Cameroon to determine risk factors for bTB in Zebu Bororo, Goudali, Ndama, and Simmental cattle breeds. A comparative intradermal tuberculin testing (CIDT) was performed on 160 cattle randomly selected from herds using the threshold recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. An interviewee-administered questionnaire was used to gather epidemiological data on sociodemographics, interaction between cattle and wildlife, and awareness of zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) from 90 cattle professionals. The prevalence of bTB at the herd level and associated risk factors were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.
Based on the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT), the estimated prevalence of bTB in 160 cattle (Zebu Bororo, Goudali, Ndama, and Simmental) in South and East Cameroon was 6.8% (4.35%-9.41%) and 1.8% (0%-3.6%) for threshold values 3 mm and 4 mm, respectively. The prevalence obtained by simple intradermal tuberculin test (IDT) was 0.6% (0%-1.2%) for a threshold value 4 mm. Univariate analysis revealed three risk factors associated with bTB with significant odds ratios (OR; p = 0.05): herd size (OR = 4.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24-32.56); cattle aged>10 years (OR = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.05-0.53); and victims of bTB organ seizure (OR = 0.015; 95% CI: 0.002-0.067). Multivariate analysis showed that being a cattle herder and contact between wildlife and livestock due to forage was significantly associated with bTB exposure (adjusted OR = 0.02; p = 0.001).
Bovine TB is prevalent in cattle of the South and East Cameroon. Comparative IDT of cattle reared in the epidemiological and environmental context of the study areas yielded better results at a threshold of 3 mm than at a threshold of 4 mm recommended by the World Health Organization. Factors associated with exposure to/appearance of bTB were high herd size, cattle aged >10 years old, seizures of tuberculous organs, shepherding as a profession, and contact between cattle and wildlife can be due to lack of forage.
牛结核病（bTB）是一种传染性且需上报的疾病，在许多国家的牛群以及全球多种野生动物中普遍存在。然而，在喀麦隆这个拥有众多野生动物物种的国家，野生动物在人类 - 野生动物 - 动物界面的牛结核病传播和/或维持中的作用以及人畜共患病的流行病学情况尚不清楚。本研究旨在估计喀麦隆南部和东部地区牛 - 野生动物 - 人类界面的牛结核病患病率及人畜共患病风险因素。
2022年5月至10月，我们在喀麦隆南部地区（恩特姆河谷和贾河与洛博）和东部地区（上尼永及洛姆和杰雷姆）开展了一项描述性横断面研究，以确定瘤牛博尔罗、古达利、恩达马和西门塔尔牛品种中牛结核病的风险因素。使用世界动物卫生组织推荐的阈值，对从牛群中随机选取的160头牛进行了比较皮内结核菌素试验（CIDT）。通过访谈方式向90名养牛专业人员发放问卷，收集有关社会人口统计学、牛与野生动物的互动以及人畜共患结核病知晓情况的流行病学数据。使用多重逻辑回归模型估计牛群水平的牛结核病患病率及相关风险因素。
基于比较皮内结核菌素试验（CIDT），喀麦隆南部和东部160头牛（瘤牛博尔罗、古达利、恩达马和西门塔尔牛）的牛结核病估计患病率，对于3毫米阈值为6.8%（4.35% - 9.41%），对于4毫米阈值为1.8%（0% - 3.6%）。简单皮内结核菌素试验（IDT）在4毫米阈值下获得的患病率为0.6%（0% - 1.2%）。单因素分析揭示了三个与牛结核病相关且具有显著优势比（OR；p = 0.05）的风险因素：牛群规模（OR = 4.88；95%置信区间[CI]：1.24 - 32.56）；年龄大于10岁的牛（OR = 0.17；95% CI：0.05 - 0.53）；以及牛结核病器官被扣押的牛（OR = 0.015；95% CI：0.002 - 0.067）。多因素分析表明，作为养牛人和因觅食导致的野生动物与家畜接触与牛结核病暴露显著相关（调整后OR = 0.02；p = 0.001）。
牛结核病在喀麦隆南部和东部的牛群中普遍存在。在研究区域的流行病学和环境背景下饲养的牛，比较皮内结核菌素试验在3毫米阈值时比世界卫生组织推荐的4毫米阈值产生了更好的结果。与牛结核病暴露/出现相关的因素包括牛群规模大、年龄大于10岁的牛、结核器官被扣押、以放牧为职业以及因缺乏草料导致的牛与野生动物接触。
