State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Hangzhou, China.
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
Physiol Plant. 2024 Mar-Apr;176(2):e14226. doi: 10.1111/ppl.14226.
Due to anthropogenic activities, environmental pollution of heavy metals/metalloids (HMs) has increased and received growing attention in recent decades. Plants growing in HM-contaminated soils have slower growth and development, resulting in lower agricultural yield. Exposure to HMs leads to the generation of free radicals (oxidative stress), which alters plant morpho-physiological and biochemical pathways at the cellular and tissue levels. Plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms to avoid or tolerate the toxic effects of HMs, including HMs absorption and accumulation in cell organelles, immobilization by forming complexes with organic chelates, extraction via numerous transporters, ion channels, signaling cascades, and transcription elements, among others. Nonetheless, these internal defensive mechanisms are insufficient to overcome HMs toxicity. Therefore, unveiling HMs adaptation and tolerance mechanisms is necessary for sustainable agriculture. Recent breakthroughs in cutting-edge approaches such as phytohormone and gasotransmitters application, nanotechnology, omics, and genetic engineering tools have identified molecular regulators linked to HMs tolerance, which may be applied to generate HMs-tolerant future plants. This review summarizes numerous systems that plants have adapted to resist HMs toxicity, such as physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses. Diverse adaptation strategies have also been comprehensively presented to advance plant resilience to HMs toxicity that could enable sustainable agricultural production.
由于人为活动，重金属/类金属（HMs）的环境污染在近几十年来不断加剧，受到了越来越多的关注。生长在受 HM 污染土壤中的植物生长缓慢，发育不良，导致农业产量降低。暴露于 HMs 会导致自由基的产生（氧化应激），从而改变植物在细胞和组织水平上的形态、生理和生化途径。植物已经进化出复杂的防御机制来避免或耐受 HMs 的毒性作用，包括在细胞器中吸收和积累 HMs、与有机螯合物形成复合物固定、通过多种转运体、离子通道、信号级联和转录因子等进行提取。然而，这些内部防御机制不足以克服 HMs 的毒性。因此，揭示 HMs 的适应和耐受机制对于可持续农业是必要的。最近，在植物激素和气体信号分子应用、纳米技术、组学和遗传工程工具等前沿方法方面取得了突破，这些方法确定了与 HMs 耐受相关的分子调节剂，这些调节剂可用于培育耐受 HMs 的未来植物。本综述总结了植物适应和抵抗 HMs 毒性的多种系统，如生理、生化和分子反应。还全面介绍了各种适应策略，以提高植物对 HMs 毒性的抗性，从而实现可持续的农业生产。
