Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
Front Med. 2024 Feb;18(1):31-45. doi: 10.1007/s11684-024-1055-9. Epub 2024 Mar 1.
Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln) is an amino acid derivate that comes from the amino acid phenylalanine. There are increasing studies showing that the level of PAGln is associated with the risk of different cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discussed the metabolic pathway of PAGln production and the quantitative measurement methods of PAGln. We summarized the epidemiological evidence to show the role of PAGln in diagnostic and prognostic value in several cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, coronary heart disease/atherosclerosis, and cardiac arrhythmia. The underlying mechanism of PAGln is now considered to be related to the thrombotic potential of platelets via adrenergic receptors. Besides, other possible mechanisms such as inflammatory response and oxidative stress could also be induced by PAGln. Moreover, since PAGln is produced across different organs including the intestine, liver, and kidney, the cross-talk among multiple organs focused on the function of this uremic toxic metabolite. Finally, the prognostic value of PAGln compared to the classical biomarker was discussed and we also highlighted important gaps in knowledge and areas requiring future investigation of PAGln in cardiovascular diseases.
苯乙酰谷氨酰胺（PAGln）是一种氨基酸衍生物，来源于氨基酸苯丙氨酸。越来越多的研究表明，PAGln 水平与不同心血管疾病的风险相关。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 PAGln 产生的代谢途径和 PAGln 的定量测量方法。我们总结了流行病学证据，表明 PAGln 在心力衰竭、冠心病/动脉粥样硬化和心律失常等几种心血管疾病中的诊断和预后价值。目前认为 PAGln 的作用机制与血小板通过肾上腺素能受体的血栓形成潜力有关。此外，PAGln 还可能通过炎症反应和氧化应激等其他机制诱导。此外，由于 PAGln 是在包括肠道、肝脏和肾脏在内的不同器官中产生的，因此多个器官之间的相互作用集中在这种尿毒症毒性代谢物的功能上。最后，讨论了 PAGln 与经典生物标志物相比的预后价值，我们还强调了在心血管疾病中研究 PAGln 方面存在的重要知识空白和需要进一步研究的领域。
