Mehare Abhidnya, Chakole Swarupa, Wandile Bhushan
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND.
Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND.
Cureus. 2024 Feb 1;16(2):e53380. doi: 10.7759/cureus.53380. eCollection 2024 Feb.
Spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a complex and multifaceted condition that affects astronauts during and after their missions in space. This comprehensive review delves into the various aspects of SANS, providing a thorough understanding of its definition, historical context, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, preventive measures, and management strategies. Various ocular and neurological symptoms, including visual impairment, optic disc edema, choroidal folds, retinal changes, and increased intracranial pressure, characterize SANS. While microgravity is a primary driver of SANS, other factors like radiation exposure, genetic predisposition, and environmental conditions within spacecraft contribute to its development. The duration of space missions is a significant factor, with longer missions associated with a higher incidence of SANS. This review explores the diagnostic criteria and variability in SANS presentation, shedding light on early detection and management challenges. The epidemiology section provides insights into the occurrence frequency, affected astronauts' demographics, and differences between long-term and short-term missions. Diagnostic tools, including ophthalmological assessments and imaging techniques, are crucial in monitoring astronaut health during missions. Preventive measures are vital in mitigating the impact of SANS. Current strategies, ongoing research in prevention methods, lifestyle and behavioral factors, and the potential role of artificial gravity are discussed in detail. Additionally, the review delves into interventions, potential pharmacological treatments, rehabilitation, and long-term management considerations for astronauts with SANS. The conclusion underscores the importance of continued research in SANS, addressing ongoing challenges, and highlighting unanswered questions. With the expansion of human space exploration, understanding and managing SANS is imperative to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts during long-duration missions. This review is a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and space agencies striving to enhance our knowledge and address the complexities of SANS.
航天相关神经眼科综合征（SANS）是一种复杂且多方面的病症，在宇航员执行太空任务期间及之后会对其产生影响。这篇全面综述深入探讨了SANS的各个方面，全面阐述了其定义、历史背景、临床表现、流行病学、诊断技术、预防措施及管理策略。SANS的特征包括各种眼部和神经症状，如视力损害、视盘水肿、脉络膜皱褶、视网膜变化及颅内压升高。虽然微重力是SANS的主要驱动因素，但其他因素如辐射暴露、遗传易感性以及航天器内的环境条件也会促使其发展。太空任务的持续时间是一个重要因素——任务时间越长，SANS的发病率越高。本综述探讨了SANS的诊断标准及其表现的变异性，揭示了早期检测和管理方面的挑战。流行病学部分深入分析了发病频率、受影响宇航员的人口统计学特征以及长期和短期任务之间的差异。诊断工具，包括眼科评估和成像技术，对于在任务期间监测宇航员健康至关重要。预防措施对于减轻SANS的影响至关重要。详细讨论了当前策略、预防方法的正在进行的研究、生活方式和行为因素以及人工重力的潜在作用。此外，该综述还深入探讨了针对患有SANS的宇航员的干预措施、潜在药物治疗、康复及长期管理考虑因素。结论强调了在SANS方面持续研究的重要性，应对持续存在的挑战并突出未解决的问题。随着人类太空探索的扩展，了解和管理SANS对于确保宇航员在长期任务中的健康和福祉至关重要。这篇综述对于致力于增进我们的知识并应对SANS复杂性的研究人员、医疗保健专业人员和航天机构来说是一份宝贵的资源。
