University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NA, USA.
Surv Ophthalmol. 2022 Sep-Oct;67(5):1443-1466. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.04.004. Epub 2022 Apr 21.
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) refers to a unique collection of neuro-ophthalmic clinical and imaging findings observed in astronauts after long-duration spaceflight. Current in-flight and postflight imaging modalities (e.g., optical coherence tomography, orbital ultrasound, and funduscopy) have played an instrumental role in the understanding and monitoring of SANS development; however, the precise etiology for this neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon is still not completely understood. SANS may be a potential barrier to future deep space missions, and therefore it is critical to further elucidate the underlying pathophysiology for effective countermeasures. The complexity and unique limitations of spaceflight require careful consideration and integration of leading technology to advance our knowledge of this extraterrestrial syndrome. We describe the current neuro-ophthalmic imaging modalities and hypotheses that have improved our current understanding of SANS, discuss newer developments in SANS imaging (including noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy) and summarize emerging research in the development of an aspirational future head-mounted virtual reality display with multimodal visual assessment technology for the detection of neuro-ocular findings in SANS.
航天相关神经眼综合征（SANS）是指在长期航天飞行后宇航员中观察到的一组独特的神经眼科临床和影像学表现。目前的飞行中和飞行后的成像方式（如光学相干断层扫描、眼眶超声和眼底检查）在理解和监测 SANS 发展方面发挥了重要作用；然而，这种神经眼科现象的确切病因仍不完全清楚。SANS 可能是未来深空任务的一个潜在障碍，因此，进一步阐明潜在的病理生理学机制以采取有效的对策至关重要。航天飞行的复杂性和独特限制需要仔细考虑和整合领先技术，以增进我们对这种外星综合征的认识。我们描述了目前用于改善我们对 SANS 理解的神经眼科成像方式和假说，讨论了 SANS 成像的新进展（包括无创近红外光谱），并总结了在开发具有多模态视觉评估技术的未来理想头戴式虚拟现实显示器方面的新兴研究进展，以便在 SANS 中检测神经眼科发现。
