Ataş Mustafa, Bereketoglu Ceyhun
Managing Chemical, Biological, Radioactive, Nuclear Risks, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey.
Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
PeerJ. 2024 Feb 28;12:e17034. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17034. eCollection 2024.
The use of pesticides to control pests, weeds, and diseases or to regulate plant growth is indispensable in agricultural production. However, the excessive use of these chemicals has led to significant concern about their potential negative impacts on health and the environment. Phosmet is one such pesticide that is commonly used on plants and animals against cold moth, aphids, mites, suckers, and fruit flies. Here, we investigated the effects of phosmet on a model organism, using acute and chronic toxicity endpoints such as lethality, mobility, genotoxicity, reproduction, and gene expression. We performed survival experiments in six-well plates at seven different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM) as well as the control in three replicates. We observed statistically significant mortality rates at 25 µM and above upon 24 h of exposure, and at 1 µM and above following 48 h of exposure. Genotoxicity analysis, reproduction assay and qPCR analysis were carried out at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 μM phosmet as these concentrations did not show any lethality. Comet assay showed that exposure to phosmet resulted in significant DNA damage in the cells. Interestingly, 0.1 μM phosmet produced more offspring per adult compared to the control group indicating a hormetic response. Gene expression profiles demonstrated several genes involved in different physiological pathways, including oxidative stress, detoxification, immune system, hypoxia and iron homeostasis. Taken together, our results indicate that phosmet has negative effects on in a dose- and time-dependent manner and could also induce lethal and physiological toxicities to other aquatic organisms.
在农业生产中，使用农药来控制害虫、杂草和病害或调节植物生长是必不可少的。然而，这些化学物质的过度使用已引发了人们对其对健康和环境潜在负面影响的重大关注。稻丰散就是这样一种农药，常用于植物和动物身上，以防治冷蛾、蚜虫、螨虫、吸浆虫和果蝇。在此，我们使用急性和慢性毒性终点指标，如致死率、活动能力、遗传毒性、繁殖能力和基因表达，研究了稻丰散对一种模式生物的影响。我们在六孔板中以七种不同浓度（0.01、0.1、1、10、25、50、100 μM）以及对照组进行了三次重复的生存实验。暴露24小时后，我们观察到25 μM及以上浓度具有统计学显著的死亡率，暴露48小时后，1 μM及以上浓度具有统计学显著的死亡率。由于0.01和0.1 μM浓度的稻丰散未显示出任何致死性，因此在这两个浓度下进行了遗传毒性分析、繁殖试验和定量聚合酶链反应分析。彗星试验表明，暴露于稻丰散会导致细胞中显著的DNA损伤。有趣的是，与对照组相比，0.1 μM稻丰散使每只成虫产生更多后代，表明存在兴奋效应。基因表达谱显示了几个参与不同生理途径的基因，包括氧化应激、解毒、免疫系统、缺氧和铁稳态。综上所述，我们的结果表明，稻丰散对[模式生物名称未给出]具有剂量和时间依赖性的负面影响，并且还可能对其他水生生物诱导致死性和生理毒性。
