Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, & Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Feb 20;15:1359685. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1359685. eCollection 2024.
Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic elevation in blood glucose levels, resulting from inadequate insulin production, defective cellular response to extracellular insulin, and/or impaired glucose metabolism. The two main types that account for most diabetics are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), each with their own pathophysiological features. T1D is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to lack of insulin, a vital hormone for regulating blood sugar levels and cellular glucose uptake. As a result, those with T1D depend on lifelong insulin therapy to control their blood glucose level. In contrast, T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, coupled with a relative insulin deficiency. This form of diabetes is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors, and it is managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications. Animal models play a crucial role in diabetes research. However, given the distinct differences between T1DM and T2DM, it is imperative for researchers to employ specific animal models tailored to each condition for a better understanding of the impaired mechanisms underlying each condition, and for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the distinct animal models used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus research and discuss their strengths and limitations.
糖尿病，通常称为糖尿病，是一组代谢紊乱疾病，其特征为慢性高血糖，这是由于胰岛素分泌不足、细胞对外源胰岛素反应缺陷和/或葡萄糖代谢受损引起的。占大多数糖尿病患者的两种主要类型是 1 型糖尿病（T1DM）和 2 型糖尿病（T2DM），每种类型都有其自身的病理生理学特征。T1D 是一种自身免疫性疾病，身体的免疫系统攻击并破坏胰腺中的胰岛素产生β细胞。这导致缺乏胰岛素，胰岛素是调节血糖水平和细胞葡萄糖摄取的重要激素。因此，T1D 患者依赖终身胰岛素治疗来控制血糖水平。相比之下，T2DM 的特征是胰岛素抵抗，即身体细胞对胰岛素的反应不敏感，同时伴有相对胰岛素缺乏。这种形式的糖尿病通常与肥胖、久坐的生活方式和/或遗传因素有关，通过生活方式的改变和口服药物来治疗。动物模型在糖尿病研究中起着至关重要的作用。然而，鉴于 T1DM 和 T2DM 之间的明显差异，研究人员必须使用针对每种疾病的特定动物模型，以便更好地了解每种疾病的受损机制，并评估新疗法的疗效。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了用于 1 型和 2 型糖尿病研究的不同动物模型，并讨论了它们的优缺点。
