Zaki Sherif M, El Karsh Dina S, Faden Tuleen M, Almghamsi Leen T, Fathaldin Joud O, Alhazmi Omar A
Anatomy, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.
Family Medicine, Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, SAU.
Cureus. 2024 Feb 3;16(2):e53531. doi: 10.7759/cureus.53531. eCollection 2024 Feb.
A common chronic health problem among Saudi Arabians is diabetes mellitus (DM). One of the most serious complications of diabetes is diabetic foot (DMF).
The objective of this study was to identify the most common complications that develop among patients with DMF. In addition, we conducted a demographic analysis of chronic diabetic complications related to DMF.
The study involved 100 DMF attending the Jeddah clinic of Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital. Several chronic complications associated with DMF were reported, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD), coronary artery disease (CAD), retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. We examined the feet for ulcers, gangrene, amputations, bone deformities, Charcot joints, osteoarthritis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. By using B-mode ultrasound and spectral Doppler imaging, we imaged the posterior tibial and anterior tibial arteries.
People with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) are more likely to develop diabetic feet. The most common foot complications were foot ulcers (81%), foot amputations (31%), foot gangrene (29%) (29/100), bone deformities (22%) (22/100), ingrown toenails (17%) (17/100), Charcot's foot (10%) (10/100), and calluses (9%) (9/100). The majority of the patients suffered from hypertension and half had anaemia. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy affected about half of the patients, diabetic nephropathy affected one-third, and diabetic retinopathy affected 14%. Approximately a quarter (25/100) of the patients had CAD and less than half had PAD. There was atherosclerosis in 43% (43/100) of popliteal/infra-popliteal arteries. Twenty-two percent (22/100) of the anterior tibial arteries and 25% (25/100) of the posterior tibial arteries were stenotic or occluded. A biphasic mode was observed in 21% (21/100) of anterior tibial arteries, a monophasic mode in 9% (9/100), and a non-flowing mode in 3% (3/100). Twenty-three percent (23/100) of the posterior tibial arteries displayed biphasic Doppler modes, 5% (5/100) displayed monophasic modes, and 6% (6/100) displayed non-flowing modes. Conclusion Diabetes foot is common among older males with poorly controlled T2DM. The most common foot complications were amputations, gangrene, foot ulcers, bone deformities, ingrown toenails, Charcot's foot, and calluses. Most DMF patients were anemic and hypertensive. Diabetes-related microvascular complications, such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy, as well as macrovascular complications, such as coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease, were associated with DMF.
糖尿病（DM）是沙特阿拉伯人常见的慢性健康问题。糖尿病最严重的并发症之一是糖尿病足（DMF）。
本研究的目的是确定糖尿病足患者中最常见的并发症。此外，我们对与糖尿病足相关的慢性糖尿病并发症进行了人口统计学分析。
该研究纳入了100名在索利曼·法基赫博士医院吉达诊所就诊的糖尿病足患者。报告了几种与糖尿病足相关的慢性并发症，包括外周动脉疾病（PAD）、冠状动脉疾病（CAD）、视网膜病变、肾病和神经病变。我们检查足部是否有溃疡、坏疽、截肢、骨畸形、夏科关节、骨关节炎、化脓性关节炎和骨髓炎。通过使用B型超声和频谱多普勒成像，我们对胫后动脉和胫前动脉进行了成像。
2型糖尿病（T2DM）控制不佳的患者更容易发生糖尿病足。最常见的足部并发症是足部溃疡（81%）、足部截肢（31%）、足部坏疽（29%）（29/100）、骨畸形（22%）（22/100）、嵌甲（17%）（17/100）、夏科氏足（10%）（10/100）和胼胝（9%）（9/100）。大多数患者患有高血压，一半患者患有贫血。糖尿病周围神经病变影响了约一半的患者，糖尿病肾病影响了三分之一的患者，糖尿病视网膜病变影响了14%的患者。约四分之一（25/100）的患者患有CAD，不到一半的患者患有PAD。43%（43/100）的腘动脉/腘下动脉存在动脉粥样硬化。22%（22/100）的胫前动脉和25%（25/100）的胫后动脉狭窄或闭塞。21%（21/100）的胫前动脉观察到双相模式，9%（9/100）为单相模式，3%（3/100）为无血流模式。23%（23/100）的胫后动脉显示双相多普勒模式，5%（5/100）显示单相模式和6%（6/100）显示无血流模式。结论糖尿病足在T2DM控制不佳的老年男性中很常见。最常见的足部并发症是截肢、坏疽、足部溃疡、骨畸形、嵌甲、夏科氏足和胼胝。大多数糖尿病足患者贫血且患有高血压。糖尿病相关的微血管并发症，如糖尿病周围神经病变、肾病和视网膜病变，以及大血管并发症，如冠状动脉疾病和外周动脉疾病，都与糖尿病足有关。
