Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.
Chem Rev. 2024 Mar 27;124(6):3220-3283. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626. Epub 2024 Mar 11.
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
人体从头到脚不断发出生理和心理信息。能够非侵入性且准确地数字化这些信息的可穿戴电子产品，而不会影响用户的舒适度或移动性，有可能彻底改变远程医疗、移动健康以及人机或人机元宇宙交互。然而，由于传统刚性平面电子产品与柔软弯曲的人体皮肤表面之间的机械不兼容，最先进的可穿戴电子产品在可穿戴性和功能性方面面临着限制。E-纹身，一种独特的可穿戴电子产品，其超薄和皮肤柔软的特点使其能够在不引起阻碍甚至机械感知的情况下，无创且舒适地贴合在人体皮肤表面上。这篇综述文章全面探讨了 E-纹身，包括其材料、结构、制造工艺、性能、功能、应用和尚存的挑战。我们首先总结了人体皮肤的特性及其对 E-纹身-皮肤界面信号传输的影响。接下来是对 E-纹身的材料、结构设计、制造和皮肤附着过程的讨论。我们将 E-纹身的功能分为电、机械、光、热和化学传感以及伤口愈合和其他治疗。在讨论了能量收集和存储能力之后，我们概述了无线 E-纹身系统集成的策略。最后，我们对该领域尚存的挑战和未来机遇提出了个人看法。
