Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India.
Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Apr;264(Pt 2):130771. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130771. Epub 2024 Mar 10.
Development of the efficient hemostatic materials is an essential requirement for the management of hemorrhage caused by the emergency situations to avert most of the casualties. Such injuries require the use of external hemostats to facilitate the immediate blood clotting. A variety of commercially available hemostats are present in the market but most of them are associated with limitations such as exothermic reactions, low biocompatibility, and painful removal. Thus, fabrication of an ideal hemostatic composition for rapid blood clot formation, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial nature presents a real challenge to the bioengineers. Benefiting from their tunable fabrication properties, alginate-based hemostats are gaining importance due to their excellent biocompatibility, with >85 % cell viability, high absorption capacity exceeding 500 %, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, studies have estimated that wounds treated with sodium alginate exhibited a blood loss of 0.40 ± 0.05 mL, compared to the control group with 1.15 ± 0.13 mL, indicating its inherent hemostatic activity. This serves as a solid foundation for designing future hemostatic materials. Nevertheless, various combinations have been explored to further enhance the hemostatic potential of sodium alginate. In this review, we have discussed the possible role of alginate based composite hemostats incorporated with different hemostatic agents, such as inorganic materials, polymers, biological agents, herbal agents, and synthetic drugs. This article outlines the challenges which need to be addressed before the clinical trials and give an overview of the future research directions.
开发高效止血材料是处理紧急情况下出血以避免大多数伤亡的基本要求。此类损伤需要使用外部止血剂来促进即时止血。市场上有多种市售的止血剂，但大多数都存在一些局限性，如放热反应、低生物相容性和疼痛去除。因此，制造一种理想的止血组合物，以实现快速凝血、生物相容性和抗菌特性，这对生物工程师来说是一个真正的挑战。得益于其可调节的制造性能，基于海藻酸盐的止血剂因其出色的生物相容性（>85%的细胞活力）、超过 500%的高吸收能力和高性价比而变得越来越重要。此外，研究估计，用海藻酸钠处理的伤口的失血量为 0.40±0.05 毫升，而对照组的失血量为 1.15±0.13 毫升，表明其具有固有的止血活性。这为设计未来的止血材料奠定了坚实的基础。然而，已经探索了各种组合来进一步提高海藻酸钠的止血潜力。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了基于海藻酸盐的复合止血剂与不同止血剂（如无机材料、聚合物、生物制剂、草药制剂和合成药物）结合的可能作用。本文概述了在临床试验之前需要解决的挑战，并概述了未来的研究方向。
