1National Scientific Center for Particularly Dangerous Infections named after. M. Aikimbaev, Almaty; 2Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan.
3National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan.
Georgian Med News. 2024 Jan(346):68-79.
This study explores the application of GIS technologies in analyzing and visualizing spatial structures of especially dangerous infections (EPI) in Kazakhstan. International collaborations have facilitated projects studying the focal patterns of diseases, improving data analysis and visualization. Extensive electronic databases resulting from field research on EPI foci have elevated the study's depth. The dynamics of natural foci, influenced by intraspecific structures of infection carriers, are impacted by industrial and agricultural developments, urban expansions, and climate change. The study notes changes in the enzootic territory, affecting mammal migration and consequently altering natural focus boundaries. Industrial activities, rotational methods, and habitat changes contribute to the increased epidemic potential in enzootic areas. Despite anthropogenic and climatic influences, the prevalence of plague remains high in Kazakhstan, with a trend towards expanding enzootic territories. Unified electronic databases on plague, tularemia, anthrax, and other zoonoses, developed for GIS analysis, enable mapping and visualization of natural foci. Electronic maps aid in determining enzootic territory boundaries, assessing infectious disease activity, and planning preventive measures based on risk assessment. ESRI's ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 with Arc Toolbox modules facilitated data processing in the geoinformation environment. Data includes epidemiological examination results, species composition of carriers, and laboratory test outcomes, enhancing comprehensive analysis and decision-making for anti-epidemic measures. The study in Kazakhstan identifies and details six natural and twenty autonomous plague foci, categorizing them by main carriers and observing an expansion of natural hotspots. The enzootic territory is classified into four geographic zones, further divided into 105 landscape-epidemiological regions. Laboratory studies inform electronic maps for analyzing plague's dynamic situation. Anthrax prevalence, primarily in chernozem and chestnut soils, is assessed, revealing 1,778 unaffected settlements and spatially clustered points. An epidemiological index aids in zoning for anthrax trouble. Tularemia's landscape occurrence is classified into four types, with spatial analysis revealing clusters and potential epidemic danger in specific regions. Geographic information technologies highlight high-risk areas, justifying preventive measures for dangerous infections. The results obtained serve as a scientific justification for the priority of preventive measures within the boundaries of administrative territories characterized by a high degree of potential epidemic danger and objectively indicate the prospects for the introduction of GIS technologies into the practice of epidemiological surveillance of particularly dangerous infections.
本研究探讨了 GIS 技术在分析和可视化哈萨克斯坦特别危险传染病（EPI）空间结构中的应用。国际合作促进了疾病焦点模式研究项目，改善了数据分析和可视化效果。广泛的电子数据库源自 EPI 焦点的实地研究，提高了研究的深度。受感染载体种内结构影响的自然焦点动态，受到工业和农业发展、城市扩张以及气候变化的影响。该研究注意到了动物传染病疫区的变化，这些变化影响了哺乳动物的迁徙，从而改变了自然焦点的边界。工业活动、轮作方法和生境变化导致了动物传染病疫区流行潜力的增加。尽管受到人为和气候的影响，哈萨克斯坦的鼠疫仍然高发，并且有向动物传染病疫区扩大的趋势。为 GIS 分析开发的关于鼠疫、野兔病、炭疽病和其他动物传染病的统一电子数据库，实现了自然焦点的制图和可视化。电子地图有助于确定动物传染病疫区的边界、评估传染病活动，并根据风险评估规划预防措施。ESRI 的 ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 与 ArcToolbox 模块一起，为地理信息环境中的数据处理提供了便利。数据包括流行病学检查结果、载体的物种组成和实验室检测结果，增强了对防疫措施的综合分析和决策。哈萨克斯坦的研究确定并详细描述了六个自然和二十个自治鼠疫自然疫源地，根据主要载体对其进行分类，并观察到自然热点的扩大。动物传染病疫区分为四个地理区域，进一步细分为 105 个景观流行病学区域。实验室研究为分析鼠疫的动态情况提供了电子地图信息。炭疽病的流行情况主要发生在黑钙土和栗钙土中，评估结果显示有 1778 个未受影响的定居点和空间聚类点。流行病学指数有助于炭疽病的分区。野兔病的景观发生情况分为四种类型，空间分析显示出特定区域的集群和潜在的流行危险。地理信息技术突出了高风险区域，为危险传染病的预防措施提供了依据。所获得的结果为在具有高度潜在流行危险的行政区域内优先采取预防措施提供了科学依据，并客观地表明了在特别危险传染病的流行病学监测实践中引入地理信息系统技术的前景。
