Cherkasskiy B L
Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia.
J Appl Microbiol. 1999 Aug;87(2):192-5. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00868.x.
Anthrax in Russia has for a long time posed a serious problem for public health and veterinary services. At the beginning of the century, 40-60 thousand cases of this infection were annually reported in the country in agricultural animals and about 10-20 thousand cases in people where each fourth (25%) was dying. In the Russian Federation the registration of anthrax foci is obligatory for veterinary as well as for sanitary-epidemiological services. So our initial project, funded by the International Technical and Scientific Center in Moscow, has envisaged the collection of all data of known anthrax foci, including the village name, agricultural council, region, oblast and year of occurrence. The objective is to assemble a reference handbook, "Register of stable anthrax sites in the Russian Federation", containing organized information on more than 10 000 anthrax foci occurring during the past 100 years. Such a study makes it possible to identify regions characterized by the highest concentrations of stationary anthrax sites in Russia, to identify trends in expressed activity of such sites through the periodic emergence of disease in humans and animals, and to determine the factors contributing to the formation of such trends. In doing this, it makes it possible to develop contingency plans for different risk locations (i.e. high risk of persistent infection, high risk of sporadic occurrence, low risk areas, etc.) in terms of anthrax in Russia, to identify high risk areas and develop a differentiated strategy of vaccination and other control strategies, and to develop preventive recommendations to reduce risk in high risk areas. It is now important to develop the second step of the project: to develop in depth studies of particular clusters to determine which factors are associated with Russian anthrax outbreaks. Maps will greatly enhance the value of this work in terms of spatial analysis. Furthermore, this supplementary project will allow the incorporation of powerful Geographic Information System (GIS) electronic mapping technology so that natural geographic features, such as soil type, climate, etc., can be compared with anthrax distributions in Russia using standard GIS and statistical analysis. At the present time, it is imperative to develop a detailed understanding of the world's distribution of anthrax and what geographic factors determine its prevalence.
长期以来，俄罗斯的炭疽病一直给公共卫生和兽医服务带来严重问题。本世纪初，该国每年报告4万至6万例农业动物感染炭疽病病例，约1万至2万例人类感染病例，其中四分之一（25%）的感染者死亡。在俄罗斯联邦，兽医部门以及卫生流行病学服务部门都必须对炭疽病疫点进行登记。因此，我们最初由莫斯科国际技术与科学中心资助的项目，设想收集所有已知炭疽病疫点的数据，包括村庄名称、农业委员会、地区、州以及发病年份。目标是汇编一本参考手册《俄罗斯联邦稳定炭疽病疫点登记册》，其中包含过去100年里发生的1万多个炭疽病疫点的有条理的信息。这样一项研究能够确定俄罗斯境内炭疽病疫点集中度最高的地区，通过人和动物疾病的周期性出现来确定此类疫点活动加剧的趋势，并确定促成此类趋势形成的因素。这样做能够针对俄罗斯境内不同风险地点（即持续感染高风险地区、散发高风险地区、低风险地区等）制定炭疽病应急计划，确定高风险地区并制定差异化的疫苗接种策略和其他控制策略，以及制定预防性建议以降低高风险地区的风险。现在开展该项目的第二步很重要：对特定集群进行深入研究，以确定哪些因素与俄罗斯的炭疽病疫情有关。地图将极大地提升这项工作在空间分析方面的价值。此外，这个补充项目将允许纳入强大的地理信息系统（GIS）电子绘图技术，以便能够使用标准GIS和统计分析，将土壤类型、气候等自然地理特征与俄罗斯的炭疽病分布情况进行比较。目前，必须深入了解世界范围内炭疽病的分布情况以及哪些地理因素决定其流行程度。
