Leter Tamara L M, Ellis-Davies Kate, Rubio Bérengère, Vecho Olivier, Bos Henny M W, Lamb Michael E, Van Rijn-Van Gelderen Loes
Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
Front Psychol. 2024 Mar 7;15:1332758. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1332758. eCollection 2024.
Positive and negative parental affect influence developing parent-child attachment relationships, especially during infancy as well as children's social-emotional, academic, and behavioral functioning later in life. Increasingly, because both mothers and fathers can play central caregiving roles, the parenting qualities of both parents demand consideration. Therefore, this study investigated whether parental gender and caregiving role were associated with mothers' and fathers' positive affect and negative affect during interactions with their 4-month-old firstborn infant, while determining whether parenting stress, infant temperament, having a singleton/twin, and living in the Netherlands, France, or the United Kingdom were related to parental positive affect and negative affect. In all, 135 different-sex, same-sex male, and same-sex female couples (113 fathers and 157 mothers, comprising 147 primary, and 123 secondary caregivers) who conceived through artificial reproductive techniques were studied. The couples were videorecorded at home while in feeding, cleaning, and playing contexts to assess the levels of positive and negative parental affect. In addition, the couples completed questionnaires about their caregiving role, parenting stress, and the infants' temperament. Mixed linear models indicated that the levels of positive and negative parental affect toward the infant in all contexts were not related to parental gender, caregiving role, the interaction between parental gender and caregiving role, parenting stress, infant temperament, or singleton/twin status. However, the target parental behaviors were related to the country of origin, suggesting differences among Dutch, French, and British parents. Overall, we found no evidence that gender or caregiving roles were associated with the levels of positive and negative affect shown by the parents.
父母的积极和消极情感会影响亲子依恋关系的发展，尤其是在婴儿期，以及孩子日后生活中的社会情感、学业和行为功能。越来越多的情况是，由于母亲和父亲都可以扮演主要的照顾角色，父母双方的养育质量都需要加以考虑。因此，本研究调查了父母的性别和照顾角色是否与父母在与4个月大的头胎婴儿互动时的积极情感和消极情感相关，同时确定养育压力、婴儿气质、生育单胎/双胞胎以及居住在荷兰、法国或英国是否与父母的积极情感和消极情感有关。总共对135对不同性别、同性男性和同性女性夫妇（113名父亲和157名母亲，包括147名主要照顾者和123名次要照顾者）进行了研究，这些夫妇通过人工生殖技术受孕。研究人员在夫妇家中对他们在喂食、清洁和玩耍情境下进行录像，以评估父母积极和消极情感的水平。此外，夫妇们还完成了关于他们照顾角色、养育压力和婴儿气质的问卷。混合线性模型表明，在所有情境下，父母对婴儿的积极和消极情感水平与父母性别、照顾角色、父母性别与照顾角色之间的相互作用、养育压力、婴儿气质或单胎/双胞胎状况无关。然而，目标父母行为与原籍国有关，这表明荷兰、法国和英国的父母之间存在差异。总体而言，我们没有发现证据表明性别或照顾角色与父母表现出的积极和消极情感水平相关。
