Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2024 Feb;35(2):564-576. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202402.018.
In recent decades, China's coastal ecological environment has undergone significant changes under multiple pressures such as climate change and high intensity of human activities. The occurrence and scale of harmful algal blooms represented by the red tide and the green tide are increasing rapidly. Moreover, environmental problems such as hypoxia and acidification in seawater have become increasingly prominent. It is urgent to find out the occurrence mechanism and prevention measures of marine eco-environmental disasters. Therefore, we explained the connotation of the concept of "marine eco-environmental disaster" for the first time, and systematically interpreted the biogenic element driving mechanisms in the occurrence of eco-environmental disasters in China nearshore area in the aspects of exogenous input of nutrients, the mineralization and decomposition of marine organic matters and nutrient regeneration, as well as the abnormal nutrient structure in offshore waters. We pointed out that the drastic increases of terrigenous nutrient discharge caused by enhancing human activities, together with the complex biogeochemical cycle process after biogenic elements entering the sea, led to the frequent occurrence of coastal eco-environmental disasters. On this basis, combined with the latest research progress in this field, we put forward the regulatory schemes for coastal ecological environment health based on the controlling of seawater biogenic element. That is, based on land-sea integration strategy, the reduction of land-source pollutants, especially inorganic nitrogen from land, coastal zone and into the sea, and the normalization of nutrient structure in coastal seawater through artificial regulation technology, are the key points to reduce and control the occurrence of disasters and improve the quality of the coastal ecosystems.
近几十年来，中国沿海生态环境在气候变化和高强度人类活动等多重压力下发生了显著变化。以赤潮和绿潮为代表的有害藻类的发生和规模迅速增加。此外，海水缺氧和酸化等环境问题也日益突出。因此，迫切需要查明海洋生态环境灾害的发生机制和防治措施。为此，我们首次阐释了“海洋生态环境灾害”概念的内涵，从外源营养物质输入、海洋有机物质的矿化与分解及营养再生、近海海域营养结构异常等方面，系统解析了中国近岸海域生态环境灾害发生的生源要素驱动机制。指出人类活动增强导致陆源营养物质排放量剧增，以及生源要素进入海洋后的复杂生物地球化学循环过程，是导致近岸生态环境灾害频发的根本原因。在此基础上，结合该领域的最新研究进展，提出了基于海水生源要素调控的近海生态环境健康调控方案，即基于陆海统筹策略，通过人为调控技术减少和控制灾害的发生，降低陆源污染物，特别是来自陆地的无机氮，进入沿海和海洋，并使沿海海水的营养结构正常化，是减少和控制灾害发生、改善沿海生态系统质量的关键。
