University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
J Interpers Violence. 2024 Nov;39(21-22):4598-4625. doi: 10.1177/08862605241239452. Epub 2024 Mar 26.
In recent years, social campaigns and high-profile cases have brought increased attention to violence against women. Athletes can be role models, shaping both prosocial and antisocial attitudes. Their engagement in violence prevention could be an effective tool to tackle violence against women through bystander intervention. This part of a mixed-method feasibility study reports on the quantitative evaluation of an evidence-led bystander program, Football Onside, implemented at a football club in South West England in June 2018 to February 2020. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with intervention and control groups. Football coaches and club members ( = 50) completed measures of rape and domestic abuse myths, bystander intent and efficacy, self-reported bystander behaviors, readiness for change, perceptions of peer helping and myth acceptance, law knowledge, and program evaluation. Fidelity was also assessed. The analysis compared between- and within-group differences in mean changes over time using mixed-effects models. Participant ratings of learning outcomes were high, and fidelity was maintained throughout the intervention. Between-group comparison revealed mixed results, with greater improvements in the intervention group for bystander intent and efficacy at post-test and follow-up, domestic abuse myths at post-test, and rape myth acceptance at follow-up. Model contrasts for within intervention group revealed improvements in rape and domestic abuse myth acceptance, bystander intent and efficacy, perceived law knowledge at both time points, and perceived peer myths and helping at post-test. At follow-up, intervention participants reported significantly higher engagement in bystander behaviors. No significant effects were found for perceived importance of legal knowledge. Our research highlights the potential efficacy of a bystander program tailored for football club members. Cluster-randomized control trials are now required to examine bystander attitudes and behavior change processes among professional athletes.
近年来，社会运动和备受瞩目的案例引起了人们对针对妇女的暴力行为的更多关注。运动员可以成为榜样，塑造亲社会和反社会态度。他们参与预防暴力行为可以通过旁观者干预成为解决针对妇女的暴力行为的有效工具。这项混合方法可行性研究的一部分报告了对 2018 年 6 月至 2020 年 2 月在英格兰西南部一家足球俱乐部实施的一项基于证据的旁观者计划 Football Onside 的定量评估。该研究采用了干预组和对照组的准实验设计。足球教练和俱乐部成员（n=50）完成了关于强奸和家庭暴力神话、旁观者意图和效能、自我报告的旁观者行为、改变准备、同伴帮助和神话接受度、法律知识和方案评估的测量。还评估了保真度。分析使用混合效应模型比较了随时间的组间和组内差异。参与者对学习成果的评价很高，整个干预过程中保真度得以维持。组间比较显示出混合结果，干预组在干预后的旁观者意图和效能、对家庭暴力神话的接受度以及随访时对强奸神话的接受度方面有较大的改善。对干预组内模型对比显示，在两个时间点都提高了对强奸和家庭暴力神话的接受度、旁观者意图和效能、感知法律知识，以及在干预后的同伴神话和帮助方面的感知。在随访时，干预组的参与者报告称，他们更积极地参与了旁观者行为。法律知识的重要性感知方面没有发现显著效果。我们的研究强调了为足球俱乐部成员量身定制的旁观者计划的潜在功效。现在需要进行集群随机对照试验，以检验职业运动员的旁观者态度和行为改变过程。
