Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of the (Meliaceae) Complex Assayed with Chloroplast DNA Markers.

is a deciduous or semi-deciduous tree species and belongs to the genus of the Meliaceae family. Owing to low natural regeneration and over-exploitation, the species is listed as an endangered species at level II in China and its conservation has received increasing concern. Here, we sampled 447 individuals from 29 populations across the range-wide distribution of the complex in China and assessed their genetic variation using two chloroplast DNA markers. The results showed that the overall haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity per site were high at = 0.9767 and π = 0.0303 for the A-H fragment and h= 0.8999 and π = 0.0189 for the L-L fragment. Phylogenetic analysis supported the division of the natural distribution of complex into western and eastern regions. The genetic diversity was higher in the western region than in the eastern region, showing significant phylogeographic structure. Genetic differentiation among populations was moderate (Φst=42.87%), and the effects of isolation by distance (IBD) were significant. A neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that the distribution of the complex generally did not expand, although a few local populations could likely expand after bottleneck effects. The overall results were complementary to and consolidated previous studies using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. We finally discussed strategies for the genetic conservation of the complex.