Li Kang, Wang Fengyan, Pi Zhongling
School of Education Science, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China.
Institute of Moral Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
Front Psychol. 2024 Mar 19;15:1353898. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1353898. eCollection 2024.
There are three main types of culture in human society, namely, individual-oriented, relationship-oriented and social-oriented cultures. In history, there are two main positions on the relationship between culture and self-construal: the cultural determinist position and the interaction position. After analyzing literature critically, we propose that the interaction position is more persuasive than the cultural determinist position. A self-construal model was constructed from an interactionist and polycultural perspective, pointing out the relationship between three cultures and self-construal. We argue that individuals interacting with cultures in the context of globalization can develop a more integrated self-construal. The present study proposes the existence of polycultural self-construal, and aimed to explore how self-construal factors relate to cultures.
Three approaches-psychological tests, priming with cultural icons and content analysis-were used to explore mechanisms between cultures (individual-oriented, relationship-oriented, and social-oriented cultures) and self-construal. In Study 1, we recruited 460 undergraduate students as participants through campus advertising to complete three psychological tests, namely, the Cultural Identity Scale (CIS), the Marlowe-Crowne Social Approval Scale (MC-SDS), and the Polycultural Self-construal Scale (PSCS). In Study 2, we created icon materials that could prime the three cultures. The experimental process was divided into two stages: priming and measurement. First, 165 participants were presented with icon materials on the computer screen to activate the corresponding culture, and then they were asked to complete the PSCS. In Study 3, the experimental procedures were followed as for Study 2. Then the Ten Statements Test (TST) was used. Each of the 178 participants gave 10 different responses to the question of "Who am I?." Each participant's "I am …" narratives were qualitatively processed using content analysis.
The individual-oriented culture mainly affects the individuality and equality factor of self-construal. The relationship-oriented culture mainly impacts the relationality factor of self-construal, while the social-oriented culture mainly affects the collectivity and equality factors of self-construal. There were no significant differences in the effects of the three cultures on the autonomy factor of self-construal. The multi-components of the polycultural self-construal are difficult to interpret based on one culture type. All three cultures have specific and shared effects on human self-construal.
人类社会主要有三种文化类型，即个人导向型、关系导向型和社会导向型文化。历史上，关于文化与自我建构之间的关系主要有两种观点：文化决定论观点和互动观点。在对文献进行批判性分析后，我们认为互动观点比文化决定论观点更具说服力。我们从互动主义和多元文化视角构建了一个自我建构模型，指出了三种文化与自我建构之间的关系。我们认为，在全球化背景下与文化互动的个体能够形成更整合的自我建构。本研究提出了多元文化自我建构的存在，并旨在探讨自我建构因素与文化之间的关系。
采用三种方法——心理测试、文化符号启动和内容分析——来探究文化（个人导向型、关系导向型和社会导向型文化）与自我建构之间的机制。在研究1中，我们通过校园广告招募了460名本科生作为参与者，让他们完成三项心理测试，即文化认同量表（CIS）、马洛-克劳恩社会赞许量表（MC-SDS）和多元文化自我建构量表（PSCS）。在研究2中，我们创建了能够启动三种文化的符号材料。实验过程分为两个阶段：启动和测量。首先，在电脑屏幕上向165名参与者展示符号材料以激活相应文化，然后要求他们完成PSCS。在研究3中，实验程序与研究2相同。然后使用十句话测试（TST）。178名参与者每人对“我是谁？”这个问题给出10个不同的回答。使用内容分析对每位参与者的“我是…… ”叙述进行定性处理。
个人导向型文化主要影响自我建构的个性和平等因素。关系导向型文化主要影响自我建构的关系因素，而社会导向型文化主要影响自我建构的集体性和平等因素。三种文化对自我建构的自主性因素的影响没有显著差异。基于一种文化类型很难解释多元文化自我建构的多个组成部分。所有三种文化对人类自我建构都有特定的和共同的影响。
