Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
Mem Cognit. 2024 Aug;52(6):1451-1462. doi: 10.3758/s13421-024-01554-3. Epub 2024 Apr 3.
Memory for truth and falsity has recently been investigated from the perspective of the dual-recollection theory, showing better context and target recollection for truth than falsity. In this paper, we examine whether these memory effects obtained for true statements are similar to the value effect, whereby true statements are given higher priority in encoding. For this purpose, we implemented value-directed remembering (VDR) into the conjoint-recognition paradigm. In our first experiment, the primary goal was to verify how VDR influences the processes defined by dual-recollection theory. At study, prioritized/important items were linked to higher numerical values (e.g., 10), while unimportant ones had lower values (e.g., 1). At test, the participants' task was to recognize whether a particular sentence was important, unimportant, or new. We found that both context and target recollection were better for important items. In the second experiment, the main goal was to study the combined effects of importance and veracity on memory. In the between-subjects design, participants were monetarily rewarded for memorizing true or false sentences. The results demonstrated differences in the ability to prioritize truth over falsity. Specifically, we found a substantial increase in context recollection for prioritized true information but not for prioritized false information. Moreover, we found higher context recollection for true than false sentences in the true-prioritized condition, but not in the false-prioritized condition. These results indicated that people are able to prioritize true information better than false, and suggested that memory for truth may be a special case of the value effect.
最近，从双重回忆理论的角度研究了对真实和虚假的记忆，结果表明真实的记忆比虚假的记忆在语境和目标回忆方面更好。在本文中，我们检验了这些对真实陈述的记忆效应是否与价值效应相似，即真实陈述在编码过程中被赋予更高的优先级。为此，我们将价值导向记忆（VDR）纳入联合识别范式中。在我们的第一个实验中，主要目标是验证 VDR 如何影响双重回忆理论所定义的过程。在学习阶段，优先/重要的项目与更高的数值（例如 10）相关联，而不重要的项目则具有较低的值（例如 1）。在测试阶段，参与者的任务是识别特定句子是否重要、不重要或新。我们发现，无论是语境还是目标回忆，重要项目的表现都更好。在第二个实验中，主要目标是研究重要性和真实性对记忆的综合影响。在被试间设计中，参与者因记忆真实或虚假句子而获得金钱奖励。结果表明，在优先考虑真实性而不是虚假性方面存在差异。具体来说，我们发现，对于优先考虑的真实信息，语境回忆能力有了显著提高，但对于优先考虑的虚假信息则没有。此外，我们发现，在优先考虑真实信息的情况下，真实句子的语境回忆高于虚假句子，但在优先考虑虚假信息的情况下则没有。这些结果表明，人们能够更好地优先考虑真实信息而不是虚假信息，并且表明对真实信息的记忆可能是价值效应的一个特例。
