Chowkase Aakash A, Parra-Martínez Fabio Andrés, Ghahremani Mehdi, Bernstein Zoe, Finora Gabrielle, Sternberg Robert J
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Department of Education Reform, College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
Front Psychol. 2024 Mar 22;15:1376195. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1376195. eCollection 2024.
Courage is one of the most significant psychological constructs for society, but not one of the most frequently studied. This paper presents a process model of courage consisting of decision-based pathways by which one comes to enact a courageous action. We argue the process of courage begins with a trigger involving an actor(s) and a situation(s). The actor(s) then engage(s) in four key assessments concerning (a) immediacy of the situation, (b) meaningfulness, value, and relevance to the actor, (c) adequacy of efficacy to act, and (d) decision to act with courage. The central component of this process entails an approach-avoidance conflict involving assessments of perceived risks and potential noble outcomes of acting with courage. The decision to act may result in courageous actions assuming it satisfies the four elements: intentionality, objective and substantial risk, a noble purpose, and meaning in time and place. Courageous actions have consequences. Finally, the consequences shape the actors' experience, which feeds into the trigger, closing the loop. Potential moderators of the courage process as well as potential tests of the model have been discussed.
勇气是社会中最重要的心理建构之一，但并非研究最频繁的心理建构。本文提出了一个勇气的过程模型，该模型由基于决策的路径组成，通过这些路径人们得以实施勇敢的行为。我们认为，勇气的过程始于一个涉及行为者和情境的触发因素。行为者随后会进行四项关键评估，分别涉及：（a）情境的紧迫性；（b）对行为者的意义、价值和相关性；（c）采取行动的效能充分性；（d）决定勇敢行动。这一过程的核心要素是一种趋避冲突，涉及对感知到的风险以及勇敢行动潜在高尚结果的评估。假设行动决定满足以下四个要素：意图性、客观且重大的风险、高尚的目的以及在时间和地点上的意义，那么该行动决定可能会导致勇敢的行为。勇敢的行为会产生后果。最后，这些后果塑造了行为者的体验，而这种体验又反馈到触发因素，形成一个闭环。文中还讨论了勇气过程的潜在调节因素以及该模型的潜在检验方法。
