Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
Environ Res. 2024 Jul 1;252(Pt 2):118888. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118888. Epub 2024 Apr 9.
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are highly toxic pesticides and nerve agents widely used in agriculture and chemical warfare. The extensive use of these chemicals has severe environmental implications, such as contamination of soil, water bodies, and food chains, thus endangering ecosystems and biodiversity. Plants absorb pesticide residues, which then enter the food chain and accumulate in the body fat of both humans and animals. Numerous human cases of OP poisoning have been linked to both acute and long-term exposure to these toxic OP compounds. These compounds inhibit the action of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) by phosphorylation, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter into choline and acetate. Thus, it becomes vital to cleanse the environment from these chemicals utilizing various physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological methods encompassing bioremediation using immobilized microbes and enzymes have emerged as environment-friendly and cost-effective approaches for pesticide removal. Cell/enzyme immobilized systems offer higher stability, reusability, and ease of product recovery, making them ideal tools for OP bioremediation. Interestingly, enzymatic bioscavengers (stoichiometric, pseudo-catalytic, and catalytic) play a vital role in detoxifying pesticides from the human body. Catalytic bioscavenging enzymes such as Organophosphate Hydrolase, Organophosphorus acid anhydrolase, and Paraoxonase 1 show high degradation efficiency within the animal body as well as in the environment. Moreover, these enzymes can also be employed to decontaminate pesticides from food, ensuring food safety and thus minimizing human exposure. This review aims to provide insights to potential collaborators in research organizations, government bodies, and industries to bring advancements in the field of bioremediation and bioscavenging technologies for the mitigation of OP-induced health hazards.
有机磷化合物（OP）是广泛应用于农业和化学战的剧毒杀虫剂和神经毒剂。这些化学物质的广泛使用对环境造成了严重影响，例如土壤、水体和食物链的污染，从而危及生态系统和生物多样性。植物吸收农药残留，这些残留随后进入食物链，并在人类和动物的体脂肪中积累。许多人类有机磷中毒的案例都与急性和长期接触这些有毒 OP 化合物有关。这些化合物通过磷酸化抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性，从而阻止乙酰胆碱（ACh）神经递质分解为胆碱和乙酸。因此，利用各种物理、化学和生物方法从环境中清除这些化学物质变得至关重要。生物方法包括使用固定化微生物和酶的生物修复，已成为去除农药的环保且经济有效的方法。细胞/酶固定化系统具有更高的稳定性、可重复使用性和易于回收产物的特点，是 OP 生物修复的理想工具。有趣的是，酶生物清除剂（化学计量型、拟催化型和催化型）在从人体中解毒农药方面发挥着重要作用。催化生物清除酶，如有机磷水解酶、有机磷酸酐酶和对氧磷酶 1，在动物体内以及环境中都表现出很高的降解效率。此外，这些酶还可用于从食物中去除农药，确保食品安全，从而最大程度地减少人体暴露。本综述旨在为研究组织、政府机构和工业界的潜在合作者提供见解，以推动生物修复和生物清除技术的发展，减轻 OP 引起的健康危害。
