Burton Charlotte Lauren, Longaretti Alessandra, Zlatanovic Andjela, Gomes Guilherme Monteiro, Tonini Raffaella
Neuromodulation of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
Front Cell Neurosci. 2024 Mar 27;18:1386715. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386715. eCollection 2024.
Animals often behave repetitively and predictably. These repetitive behaviors can have a component that is learned and ingrained as habits, which can be evolutionarily advantageous as they reduce cognitive load and the expenditure of attentional resources. Repetitive behaviors can also be conscious and deliberate, and may occur in the absence of habit formation, typically when they are a feature of normal development in children, or neuropsychiatric disorders. They can be considered pathological when they interfere with social relationships and daily activities. For instance, people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome can display a wide range of symptoms like compulsive, stereotyped and ritualistic behaviors. The striatum nucleus of the basal ganglia is proposed to act as a master regulator of these repetitive behaviors through its circuit connections with sensorimotor, associative, and limbic areas of the cortex. However, the precise mechanisms within the striatum, detailing its compartmental organization, cellular specificity, and the intricacies of its downstream connections, remain an area of active research. In this review, we summarize evidence across multiple scales, including circuit-level, cellular, and molecular dimensions, to elucidate the striatal mechanisms underpinning repetitive behaviors and offer perspectives on the implicated disorders. We consider the close relationship between behavioral output and transcriptional changes, and thereby structural and circuit alterations, including those occurring through epigenetic processes.
动物的行为往往具有重复性和可预测性。这些重复行为可能有一部分是通过学习形成并固化为习惯的，从进化角度来看，这具有优势，因为它们能减少认知负荷和注意力资源的消耗。重复行为也可能是有意识、经过深思熟虑的，并且可能在没有形成习惯的情况下出现，通常是儿童正常发育或神经精神疾病的特征。当它们干扰社会关系和日常活动时，就可被视为病理性的。例如，患有强迫症、自闭症谱系障碍、亨廷顿舞蹈症和图雷特综合症的人可能会表现出各种症状，如强迫性、刻板性和仪式性的行为。基底神经节的纹状体核被认为通过其与皮质的感觉运动、联合和边缘区域的回路连接，充当这些重复行为的主要调节者。然而，纹状体内的精确机制，包括其分区组织、细胞特异性及其下游连接的复杂性，仍是一个活跃的研究领域。在这篇综述中，我们总结了多个层面的证据，包括回路层面、细胞层面和分子层面，以阐明支撑重复行为的纹状体机制，并对相关疾病提供见解。我们考虑了行为输出与转录变化之间的密切关系，进而考虑结构和回路改变，包括那些通过表观遗传过程发生的改变。
