Unither Développement Bordeaux, Avenue Toussaint Catros, 33185 Le Haillan, France.
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Apr 7;25(7):4099. doi: 10.3390/ijms25074099.
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial ocular pathology that destroys the photoreceptors of the macula. Two forms are distinguished, dry and wet AMD, with different pathophysiological mechanisms. Although treatments were shown to be effective in wet AMD, they remain a heavy burden for patients and caregivers, resulting in a lack of patient compliance. For dry AMD, no real effective treatment is available in Europe. It is, therefore, essential to look for new approaches. Recently, the use of long-chain and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was identified as an interesting new therapeutic alternative. Indeed, the levels of these fatty acids, core components of photoreceptors, are significantly decreased in AMD patients. To better understand this pathology and to evaluate the efficacy of various molecules, in vitro and in vivo models reproducing the mechanisms of both types of AMD were developed. This article reviews the anatomy and the physiological aging of the retina and summarizes the clinical aspects, pathophysiological mechanisms of AMD and potential treatment strategies. In vitro and in vivo models of AMD are also presented. Finally, this manuscript focuses on the application of omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of both types of AMD.
年龄相关性黄斑变性（AMD）是一种多因素的眼部病理学疾病，会破坏黄斑的感光细胞。AMD 分为干性和湿性两种类型，具有不同的病理生理机制。尽管湿性 AMD 的治疗方法已被证明有效，但它们仍然给患者和护理人员带来沉重负担，导致患者的依从性较差。对于干性 AMD，欧洲还没有真正有效的治疗方法。因此，寻找新的方法至关重要。最近，长链和超长链多不饱和脂肪酸的使用被确定为一种有趣的新治疗选择。事实上，这些脂肪酸是感光细胞的核心成分，在 AMD 患者中的水平显著降低。为了更好地理解这种病理学，并评估各种分子的疗效，开发了模拟两种类型 AMD 机制的体外和体内模型。本文综述了视网膜的解剖结构和生理老化，并总结了 AMD 的临床方面、病理生理机制和潜在的治疗策略。还介绍了 AMD 的体外和体内模型。最后，本文重点介绍了 ω-3 脂肪酸在预防和治疗两种类型 AMD 中的应用。
