Lumley J, Correy J F, Newman N M, Curran J T
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985 Feb;25(1):33-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.1985.tb00599.x.
Analysis of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption patterns recorded in pregnancy could not detect a harmful effect of alcohol at levels below 2 glasses a day. Total abstainers fared very slightly worse than those who drank occasionally. Smoking was associated with lower birth-weight and a worse fetal outcome independent of socioeconomic status, parity, maternal age or alcohol consumption. There was evidence of an interaction between smoking and adverse social and parity factors in low birth-weight.
对孕期记录的吸烟和饮酒模式进行分析后发现，每天饮酒量低于两杯时，未检测到酒精的有害影响。完全戒酒者的情况比偶尔饮酒者略差。吸烟与低出生体重以及不良胎儿结局相关，且不受社会经济地位、产次、母亲年龄或饮酒量的影响。有证据表明，在低出生体重方面，吸烟与不良社会因素和产次因素之间存在相互作用。
